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IEEE International Conference on Manipulation, Manufacturing and Measurement on the Nanoscale (3M-NANO)

Precision metrology with weak measurements using spin splitting of light

Xiaodong Qiu, Linguo Xie, Jinglei Du, Zhiyou Zhang, Jinglei Du, Zhiyou Zhang

Published Jul 1, 2016• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Since its first introduction over twenty years ago, weak measurements have gradually became an useful metrology tool in the laboratory. Due to its desirable amplification effect, a small physical variable can be detected with weak measurements. Spin splitting of light, which stems from the interaction between the spin and orbital angular momentum in optical reflection or refraction at the interface of mediums, is always a weak effect. However, the spin splitting of light can be detected easily with weak measurements. Remarkably, the spin splitting of light is sensitive to the physical parameter variations of system. Using the spin splitting as a probe, the physical parameter can be accurately estimated with weak measurements. Here, we review some of our works on precision metrology with weak measurements using the spin splitting of light as a probe, such as estimation of the magneto-optical constant of a magnetic film, determination of the focused beam waist, and measurement of the polarization state of light.

DOI
10.1109/3m-nano.2016.7824979

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Since its first introduction over twenty years ago, weak measurements have gradually became an useful metrology tool in the laboratory. Due to its desirable amplification effect, a small physical variable can be detected with weak measurements. Spin splitting of light, which stems from the interaction between the spin and orbital angular momentum in optical reflection or refraction at the interface of mediums, is always a weak effect. However, the spin splitting of light can be detected easily with weak measurements. Remarkably, the spin splitting of light is sensitive to the physical parameter variations of system. Using the spin splitting as a probe, the physical parameter can be accurately estimated with weak measurements. Here, we review some of our works on precision metrology with weak measurements using the spin splitting of light as a probe, such as estimation of the magneto-optical constant of a magnetic film, determination of the focused beam waist, and measurement of the polarization state of light.
Weak measurements, which offer a significant signal enhancement with pre- and post-selections, have proven to be powerful for precision metrology. However, the measured precision of the parameter of interest is always limited by the post-selection-induced probe loss, especially in the presence of technical noise. In this paper, we investigate the optimal pre- and post-selections of weak measurements for precision metrology in the presence of technical noise. While weak measurements apply more generally, we experimentally measure the spin splitting induced by the spin Hall effect of light (SHEL) to approach this issue. The highest measured precision of the spin splitting can be obtained with the post-selected state in the nonlinear intermediate regime. Surprisingly, the pre- and post-selections for the largest weak-value amplification are incapable of estimation of the spin splitting, since the amplified shift is independent of the spin splitting. Our results are not restricted to the SHEL and could be applied to other parameter estimations with weak measurements.
Background: Weak measurement involves weak coupling between the system and the measuring device (pointer) enables large amplification and high precision measurement of small physical parameters. The outcome of this special measurement procedure involving nearly mutually orthogonal pre- and post-selection of states in such weakly interacting systems leads to weak value that can become exceedingly large and lie outside the eigenvalue spectrum of the measured observable. This unprecedented ability of weak value amplification of small physical parameters has been successfully exploited for various metrological applications in the optical domain and beyond. Even though it is a quantum mechanical concept, it can be understood using the classical electromagnetic theory of light and thus can be realized in classical optics. Objective: Here, we briefly review the basic concepts of weak measurement and weak value amplification, provide illustrative examples of its implementation in various optical domains. The applications involve measuring ultra-sensitive beam deflections, high precision measurements of angular rotation, phase shift, temporal shift, frequency shift and so forth, and expand this extraordinary concept in the domain of nano-optics and plasmonics. Methods: In order to perform weak value amplification, we have used Gaussian beam and spectral response as the pointer subsequently. The polarization state associated with the pointer is used as pre and post-selection device. Results: We reveal the weak value amplification of sub-wavelength optical effects namely the Goos-Hänchen shift and the spin hall shift. Further, we demonstrate weak measurements using spectral line shape of resonance as a natural pointer, enabling weak value amplification beyond the conventional limit, demonstrating natural weak value amplification in plasmonic Fano resonances and so forth. The discussed concepts could have useful implications in various nano-optical systems to amplify tiny signals or effects. Conclusion: The emerging prospects of weak value amplification towards the development of novel optical weak measurement devices for metrological applications are extensively discussed.
The basics of weak measurement and its various applications are discussed here. The optical analogue of weak measurement. which was predicted by E C G Sudarshan was also demonstrated with the experimental results. The optical activity of chiral molecules is also calculated with the help of weak measurement. We also demonstrate simultaneous weak value amplification of both the angular GH and the IF shifts in partial reflection of a fundamental Gaussian beam at planar dielectric interfaces. We employ pre and post selection schemes with appropriate linear polarization basis states for simultaneous weak measurements and amplification of both of these shifts.We also studied these GH and IF shifts for higher order beams (for example Vortex beams)and how its get coupled. Geometric Hall effect of light is also studied with the help of weak measurement and we get the expected nature according to the theory.
We have detected a spin-dependent displacement perpendicular to the refractive index gradient for photons passing through an air-glass interface. The effect is the photonic version of the spin Hall effect in electronic systems, indicating the universality of the effect for particles of different nature. Treating the effect as a weak measurement of the spin projection of the photons, we used a preselection and postselection technique on the spin state to enhance the original displacement by nearly four orders of magnitude, attaining sensitivity to displacements of approximately 1 angstrom. The spin Hall effect can be used for manipulating photonic angular momentum states, and the measurement technique holds promise for precision metrology.
We propose a modified difference weak measurement scheme that permits precise measurements of the magneto-optical Faraday effect. By making normalized difference processing for a set of post-selected light intensity, a linear-response regime with a significant weak-value amplification effect is established. In the proof-of-principle experiment, we measure the magnetic intensity using the polarization system and achieve precision at the order of ∼10−7 T. Our scheme can be applied to measure other magneto-optical effects, providing a method for future ultra-sensitive sensing and metrology in magnetic physics.