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Photonics

Generation and Detection of Continuous Variable Quantum Vortex States via Compact Photonic Devices

David Barral, Daniel Balado, Jesús Liñares

Published Jan 3, 2017• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A quantum photonic circuit with the ability to produce continuous variable quantum vortex states is proposed. This device produces two single-mode squeezed states which go through a Mach-Zehnder interferometer where photons are subtracted by means of weakly coupled directional couplers towards ancillary waveguides. The detection of a number of photons in these modes heralds the production of a quantum vortex. Likewise, a measurement system of the order and handedness of quantum vortices is introduced and the performance of both devices is analyzed in a realistic scenario by means of the Wigner function. These devices open the possibility of using the quantum vortices as carriers of quantum information.

DOI
10.3390/photonics4010002

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A quantum photonic circuit with the ability to produce continuous variable quantum vortex states is proposed. This device produces two single-mode squeezed states which go through a Mach-Zehnder interferometer where photons are subtracted by means of weakly coupled directional couplers towards ancillary waveguides. The detection of a number of photons in these modes heralds the production of a quantum vortex. Likewise, a measurement system of the order and handedness of quantum vortices is introduced and the performance of both devices is analyzed in a realistic scenario by means of the Wigner function. These devices open the possibility of using the quantum vortices as carriers of quantum information.
We study the production of entangled two- and N-mode quantum states of light in optical waveguides. To this end, we propose a quantum photonic circuit that produces a reconfigurable superposition of photon subtraction on two single-mode squeezed states. Under postselection, continuous variable or discrete variable entangled states with possibilities in quantum information processing are obtained. Likewise, nesting leads to higher-dimension entanglement with a similar design, enabling the generation of non-Gaussian continuous variable cluster states. Additionally, we show the operation of the device through the generation of quantum vortex states of light and propose an integrated device that measures their order and handedness. Finally, we study the non-Gaussianity, nonclassicality, and entanglement of the quantum states generated with this scheme by means of the optical field-strength distribution, Wigner function, and logarithmic negativity.
In this paper, we propose a versatile integrated optical chip with the ability to generate both coherent and squeezed Bell-like states for quantum information processing purposes. This is a reconfigurable quantum photonic circuit in a lithium niobate substrate, which produces both non-local addition and subtraction of photons on squeezed vacuum states with directional couplers and post-selection. Setting appropriately phases and powers of the input beams, as well as electro-optic phase shifts, coherent and continuous variable Bell-like states are obtained. An analysis of the device operation in both the ideal and realistic scenarios is presented.
Quantum photonic devices are typically based on either discrete variable (DV) or continuous variable (CV) principles. In either case, their performance must meet strict “fidelity” requirements, especially when scaled using integrated photonic circuitry. DV devices must be robust to imperfections such as timing delays between photons, unwanted spectral correlations present in photons from nonideal single photon sources and variations in circuit components. Furthermore, it becomes increasingly important to have a methodology for characterizing the performance of devices in the presence of such errors. Here, we present a method for simulating quantum photonic integrated circuits (PICs) and use it to model the behavior of a circuit constructed to model the evolution of a quantum state subject to a Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian, introducing variations to the coupling gaps in the directional couplers inside the circuit. Input states consisting of both indistinguishable and distinguishable photons are modelled. Compact models for the directional couplers and other photonic circuit elements that are parameterized for a specific fabrication process can be incorporated into the circuit using a foundry-associated compact model library, ensuring consistency between circuit design and manufactured component. In CV applications, the degree of squeezing provided by some nonlinear element is often a key metric. Here we describe how the degree of squeezing produced by spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in a microring resonator can be modelled in the low-power limit, accounting for the effects of self-phase modulation (SPM), cross-phase modulation (XPM), and component losses.
We calculate the Wigner (quasi)probability distribution function of the quantum optical elliptical vortex (QEV), generated by coupling squeezed vacuum states of two modes. The coupling between the two modes is performed by using beam splitter (BS) or a dual channel directional coupler (DCDC). The quantum interference due to the coupling between the two modes promises the generation of controlled entanglement for quantum computation and quantum tomography. We compute the entanglement of such QEV formed by non-classical radiation field, using Wigner function. We report a critical squeezing parameter above which the entanglement is less for higher vorticity, which is counter intuitive.
We theoretically analyze phase sensitivity using a parity-detection-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with the input states generated by performing non-Gaussian operations, viz., photon subtraction, photon addition, and photon catalysis, on a two-mode squeezed vacuum (TMSV) state. Since these non-Gaussian operations are probabilistic, it is of utmost importance to take the success probability into account. To this end, we consider a realistic model of photon subtraction, addition, and catalysis and derive a single expression of the Wigner function for photon subtracted, added, and catalyzed TMSV states. The Wigner function is used to evaluate the lower bound on the phase sensitivity via quantum Cram\'er-Rao bound and parity-detection-based phase sensitivity in the MZI. We identify the ranges of squeezing and transmissivity parameters where the non-Gaussian states provide better phase sensitivity than the TMSV state. Taking the success probability into account, it turns out that the photon addition is the most advantageous among all three non-Gaussian operations. We hope that the generalized Wigner function derived in this paper will be useful in various quantum information protocols and state characterization.