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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Cooperatively-enhanced atomic dipole forces in optically trapped nanodiamonds containing NV centres, in liquid

Carlo Bradac, Mathieu L. Juan, Mattias Johnsson, Benjamin Besga, Matthew van Breugel, Ben Q. Baragiola, Rochelle Martin, Gavin K. Brennen, Gabriel Molina‐Terriza, Thomas Volz

Published Dec 9, 2016• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We report on a new regime for optical trapping of diamond nanoparticles in liquid. While holding a nanodiamond (~150 nm) containing many NV centres (~10^3) at the focus of classical optical tweezers, we add a second laser slightly detuned from the dipole transition of the NVs. We measure a change in trap stiffness of ~10%. Remarkably, we show that our results must include collective effects – ‘superradiance’ – between colour centres, which has never been reported before for solid-state systems at room temperature. We discuss how these resonant forces depend on (and can be enhanced by) the type, number, dipole strength and spectral linewidth of the centres.

DOI
10.1117/12.2242963

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We report on a new regime for optical trapping of diamond nanoparticles in liquid. While holding a nanodiamond (~150 nm) containing many NV centres (~10^3) at the focus of classical optical tweezers, we add a second laser slightly detuned from the dipole transition of the NVs. We measure a change in trap stiffness of ~10%. Remarkably, we show that our results must include collective effects – ‘superradiance’ – between colour centres, which has never been reported before for solid-state systems at room temperature. We discuss how these resonant forces depend on (and can be enhanced by) the type, number, dipole strength and spectral linewidth of the centres.
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Abstract Superradiance (SR) is a cooperative phenomenon which occurs when an ensemble of quantum emitters couples collectively to a mode of the electromagnetic field as a single, massive dipole that radiates photons at an enhanced rate. Previous studies on solid-state systems either reported SR from sizeable crystals with at least one spatial dimension much larger than the wavelength of the light and/or only close to liquid-helium temperatures. Here, we report the observation of room-temperature superradiance from single, highly luminescent diamond nanocrystals with spatial dimensions much smaller than the wavelength of light, and each containing a large number (~ 10 3 ) of embedded nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres. The results pave the way towards a systematic study of SR in a well-controlled, solid-state quantum system at room temperature.
The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre in diamond gained popularity as a probe for nanoscale sensing applications in research thanks to the array of sensing modalities available and the bio-compatibility of the material itself, however the utility of NV sensing is limited by the lack of suitable strategies to control them spatially. By confining single nanodiamonds using an optical tweezers (OT) we are able to combine the sensing opportunities of the NV centre with the precision control of position and orientation afforded by OT. This work is an investigation of the interaction of the trapping laser with the spin-based photoluminescence of the NV centre, further it is a demonstration of an all-optical sensing protocol which eliminates the spin depolarisation effects of the trapping laser and allows for NV spin relaxometry in an optically trapped nanodiamond. This relaxometry protocol can determine spin lattice relaxation times on the order of ms and requires relatively low trapping powers < 50 mW, making it particularly applicable to biological systems.
Colour centres in diamond are promising candidates as a platform for quantum technologies and biomedical imaging based on spins and/or photons. Controlling the emission properties of colour centres in diamond is a key requirement for the development of efficient single-photon sources having high collection efficiency. A number of groups have achieved an enhancement in the emission rate over narrow wavelength ranges by coupling single emitters in nanodiamond crystals to resonant electromagnetic structures. In this paper, we characterize in detail the spontaneous emission rates of nitrogen-vacancy centres at various locations on a structured substrate. We found a factor of 1.5 average enhancement of the total emission rate when nanodiamonds are on an opal photonic crystal surface, and observed changes in the lifetime distribution. We present a model for explaining these observations and associate the lifetime properties with dipole orientation and polarization effects.
The content of nitrogen-vacancy (NV − ) colour centres in the nanodiamonds (DNDs) produced during the detonation of nitrogen-containing explosives was found to be 1.1 ± 0.3 ppm. This value is impressive for nanodiamonds of size < 10 nm with intentionally created NV − centres. The concentration was estimated from the electron paramagnetic resonance as determined from the integrated intensity of the g = 4.27 line. This line is related with “forbidden” ∆ m s = 2 transitions between the Zeeman levels of a NV − centre’s ground triplet state. Confocal fluorescence microscopy enables detection of the red photoluminescence (PL) of the NV − colour centres in nanoscale DND aggregates formed from the 5-nm nanoparticles. Subwavelength emitters consisting of NV − with sizes a few times smaller than the diffraction-limited spot are clearly distinguished. We have further observed an abrupt drop in the PL intensity when mixing and anti-crossing of the ground and excited states spin levels in NV − occurs under an applied external magnetic field. This effect is a unique quantum feature of NV − centres, which cannot be observed for other visible domain light-emitting colour centres in a diamond lattice.
The resonant high-index nanostructures open opportunities for control many optical effects via optically-induced electric and magnetic Mie resonances, mostly localized inside the structures. Especial interest such nanostructures represent for quantum emitters placed inside, that makes possible enhancement of quantum source emission through resonant coupling to localized modes. We have proposed the concept of active dielectric nanoantennas based on nanodiamonds with embedded NV-centers. The study of theoretically dependence of optical properties of this system on the spectral position of the resonant modes has demonstrated that that at some sizes of the diamond spherical particles and certain position of the dipole in the sphere the Purcell factor can achieve the value of 30. We have demonstrated experimentally that the photoluminescence properties of the NV-centers can be controlled via scattering resonances and observed a decrease of the NV-centers lifetime in the studied diamond particles, as compared to nonresonant nanodiamonds. These results are in a good agreement with our theoretical calculations for the average Purcell factor for multiple NV-centers within a nanoparticle. The simplicity of the proposed concept compared to existing photonic cavity systems and applicability for a wide range of color centers in diamond make active diamond nanoantenna an effective tool for creating controllable emitting elements in the visible range for future nanophotonic devices.