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Journal of Optical Technology

Fluorescence filters based on alkali-metal atomic vapors

V. N. Kulyasov, В. Б. Шилов, Viktor A. Yakovlev

Published Jun 1, 2016• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We study the characteristics of narrow-band atomic fluorescence filters intended for isolation of usable signals from broadband background radiation. These filters use alkali-metal atomic vapors as the filter medium, and we compare the parameters of various filters. Filters using allowed transitions in rubidium and cesium were found to offer the best designs.

DOI
10.1364/jot.83.000360

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We study the characteristics of narrow-band atomic fluorescence filters intended for isolation of usable signals from broadband background radiation. These filters use alkali-metal atomic vapors as the filter medium, and we compare the parameters of various filters. Filters using allowed transitions in rubidium and cesium were found to offer the best designs.
The dependence of the quantum efficiency of fluorescence cesium vapor filters, which allow one to select with a high contrast the desired narrow-band signal against the background of broadband (solar) radiation, is studied. The most important characteristic of such filters, apart from the spectral band, is the quantum efficiency; i.e., the ratio of the number of florescent photons to the number of absorbed photons of excitation. It is experimentally shown that addition of a buffer gas to working cesium atoms can substantially increase the quantum efficiency as compared with that of working atoms in vacuum. The dependence of the quantum efficiency on the characteristic of transitions that are involved in population of atomic levels from which fluorescence occurs, and the processes resulting in an increase in the quantum efficiency of atomic fluorescence filters are considered.
A new resonance principle in optical filters has been utilized to simultaneously permit realization of wide field-of-view (∼2π sr) and very narrow acceptance bandwidths, approaching 0.01 Å. A light signal is transmitted through an outer bandpass filter into a resonantly absorbing atomic vapor, resulting in a fluorescence signal at a different wavelength which is transmitted through an inner bandpass filter. The outer and inner bandpass filters have no common transmission band, resulting in complete blockage of all optical signals (background noise) that are not resonantly shifted in wavelength by the intervening atomic vapor. This ’’resonance filter’’ principle is experimentally verified, and system parameters are discussed for filters utilizing potassium, rubidium, or cesium vapor at nine wavelengths between 420 and 532 nm.
A direct experiment is performed to determine the quantum efficiency of a cesium fluorescence filter. The fluorescence spectra of cesium atoms are recorded under excitation of the upper states of the second resonance doublet with a Bell–Bloom cesium lamp. Introduction of different noble gases into the cell with cesium leads to the appearance of additional fluorescence photons. It is found that a fluorescence filter based on atomic cesium vapor with addition of helium in the working cell has the highest efficiency and response rate of all known fluorescence filters based on alkali-metal atomic vapors.
Narrow-bandwidth optical sources are readily available. However, tunable narrow-bandwidth, wide field-of-view optical filters are not available. The laser-pumped atomic vapor optical filters presented here are in principle tunable narrow-bandwidth, wide field-of-view optical filters. These filters can simultaneously provide high resolution (0.001 nm), wide field-of-view (±90°), high quantum efficiency, and electrically tunable optical filtering. These devices are ideally suited for extracting weak narrow-bandwidth signals buried in strong nonresonant optical background radiation. Potential applications of these fitters include laser communications, laser radar, detection of Raman radiation, and atomic spectroscopy.