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IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

Investigation of Microwave Crosstalk in Spiral-MKIDs Array

Atsushi SAITO, Yuhei Ogawa, Daiki Oka, Shigetoshi Ohshima, Kensuke Nakajima

Published Nov 30, 2016• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Microwave crosstalk between rewound-spiral resonators was estimated for the optimal design of a microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) array. An electromagnetic simulator (sonnet EM) was used to calculate the frequency responses. First, we analyzed the microwave interactions by changing the geometrical distance, Drr, between the centers of two resonators and the frequency interval, Δf, placed in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction. To analyze the microwave crosstalk, we changed the kinetic inductance, Lk, at one resonator, and we estimated the resonant frequencies. Our simulated results reveal that the microwave crosstalk was less than 0.22% placed on the horizontal and vertical directions with Drr= 1000 μm and Δf = 9 MHz. We then used these elements to design a 25-element spiral-MKIDs array and fabricated it by using an NbN thin film deposited on an r-sapphire substrate. The crosstalk was estimated using a vector network analyzer and a signal generator for pumping to the single element. In the measured results, 25 resonant dips were clearly observed in the frequency range between 2.70 and 2.95 GHz at 3.45 K. Furthermore, we could estimate the crosstalk between the resonators and found it to be less than 10-4% in both horizontal and vertical patterns.

DOI
10.1109/tasc.2016.2631940

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Microwave crosstalk between rewound-spiral resonators was estimated for the optimal design of a microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) array. An electromagnetic simulator (sonnet EM) was used to calculate the frequency responses. First, we analyzed the microwave interactions by changing the geometrical distance, Drr, between the centers of two resonators and the frequency interval, Δf, placed in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction. To analyze the microwave crosstalk, we changed the kinetic inductance, Lk, at one resonator, and we estimated the resonant frequencies. Our simulated results reveal that the microwave crosstalk was less than 0.22% placed on the horizontal and vertical directions with Drr= 1000 μm and Δf = 9 MHz. We then used these elements to design a 25-element spiral-MKIDs array and fabricated it by using an NbN thin film deposited on an r-sapphire substrate. The crosstalk was estimated using a vector network analyzer and a signal generator for pumping to the single element. In the measured results, 25 resonant dips were clearly observed in the frequency range between 2.70 and 2.95 GHz at 3.45 K. Furthermore, we could estimate the crosstalk between the resonators and found it to be less than 10-4% in both horizontal and vertical patterns.
We designed and fabricated a microwave kinetic inductance detector (MKID) using a niobium nitride (NbN) symmetric spiral resonator array. Previously we revealed that a rewound spiral structure works as not only a high-Q half-wavelength resonator but also as a broadband terahertz antenna. We conducted simulations for a 9 resonator array assuming NbN as the superconducting material and sapphire as the dielectric substrate, and obtained a maximum attenuation of over 30 dB and unloaded quality factors of over 2 × 10 5 for frequencies between 4.4 and 4.9 GHz. We fabricated the 9 resonator array MKID using NbN thin film deposited on an m-sapphire substrate by using dc magnetron sputtering. We observed half-wavelength resonances of around 4.5 GHz at 4 K. We measured the optical response of the MKID. The frequency shift was 0.5 MHz when illuminated with 650 nm photons.
We analysed, fabricated, and characterised niobium nitride (NbN)-based microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) with a rewound strip structure (spiral-MKIDs). To control resonance characteristics precisely, the linewidth ( w ) dependence of rewound spiral resonators varying between w = 10, 20, and 40 μm was analysed using an electromagnetic field simulator; the resonance frequencies ( f 0 's) were obtained as 4.42, 4.58, and 5.15 GHz respectively, proving that the inductance decreases as the w increases. To verify the simulation results experimentally, NbN-based MKID arrays with different linewidths were fabricated on 10 × 10 mm 2 sapphire substrates, and cooled down to 3 K. The microwave characteristics with a vector network analyser, and f 0 's were found to be 4.11, 4.23, and 4.85 GHz for the MKIDs with w = 10, 20, and 40 μm, respectively. These values are in agreement with the simulation results within 7.6% accuracy. The other resonance characteristics such as the scattering-matrix element ( S 21 ) and loaded quality factor ( Q L ) showed the similar w dependence with the simulation. Spiral-MKIDs with narrower w is expected to have better detector performance owing to shallower S 21 and higher Q L .
We propose a YBCO-based microwave kinetic inductance detector with rewound strip structure (spiral-MKID) suitable for imaging applications. The superconducting rewound strip acts as a microwave resonator and broadband antenna. A 25-pixel MKID array with a width of 10 μm and slightly varying length of each of the resonators was fabricated on a 10 × 10 mm 2 -MgO substrate. Microwave resonance characteristics of the array were evaluated by measuring one of the scattering-matrix elements, S 21 , using a vector network analyser. The 25 resonance dips were clearly observed around 5 GHz; the frequency spacing between adjacent pixels was 13 MHz, with a standard deviation of 5 MHz. Each resonance frequency was shifted by 170 MHz, owing to the temperature change from 11 K to 50 K. We showed that the YBCO-based spiral-MKIDs with 200 nm-thick films have loaded quality factors of 1,200 at 11 K and 700 at 50 K. We irradiated visible light to a single pixel on the array. The obtained noise equivalent power was on the order of 10 −9 W/Hz 1/2 , while the response time was smaller than 30 ms at 13 K. The responsivity of the array at 70 K was six times larger than that at 13 K.
Large-scale arrays of microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) are attractive candidates for use in imaging instruments for next generation submillimeter-wave telescopes such as CCAT. We have designed and fabricated tightly packed ~250-pixel MKID arrays using lumped-element resonators etched from a thin layer of superconducting TiNxdeposited on a silicon substrate. The high pixel packing density in our initial design resulted in large microwave crosstalk due to electromagnetic coupling between the resonators. Our second design eliminates this problem by adding a grounding shield and using a double-wound geometry for the meander inductor to allow conductors with opposite polarity to be in close proximity. In addition, the resonator frequencies are distributed in a checkerboard pattern across the array. We present details for the two resonator and array designs and describe a circuit model for the full array that predicts the distribution of resonator frequencies and the crosstalk level. We also show results from a new experimental technique that conveniently measures crosstalk without the need for an optical setup. Our results reveal an improvement in crosstalk from 57% in the initial design down to ≤2% in the second design. The general procedure and design guidelines in this work are applicable to future large arrays employing microwave resonators.
Abstract We have developed microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) consisting of dual-purpose rewound spirals (spiral-MKIDs) made of a metal nitride superconductor for terahertz imaging applications. An NbN-based spiral-MKID array with 25 pixels was fabricated, and the fundamental performance of the terahertz receptivity was evaluated at the equilibrium temperature of a conventional 4 He refrigerator (≃3 K). The microwave transmission property of the array showed the 25 resonance lines, equally separated by frequency, in the microwave range from 2.70 to 2.95 GHz. To evaluate its optical performance as a terahertz detector, we measured the spiral-MKID’s spectral response, response time, and noise equivalent power (NEP), and confirmed that it revealed a broad spectral response from 1 to 9 THz and an effective response time of approximately 80 μ s. The noise-equivalent power was estimated to be .
We investigated microwave characteristics of microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) using rewound spiral resonators called as spiral-MKIDs. To realize 25-array spiral-MKIDs, frequency characteristics of 25 resonators with different resonant frequencies should be equal. We proposed spiral-MKIDs with expanded and contracted symmetric spiral resonator. We conducted simulations for 25 arrays and obtained maximum return losses of over 12 dB and unloaded quality factors of over 230,000 for frequencies between 3.2 and 3.4 GHz. This symmetric resonator may be useful for realization of large array MKIDs.