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Applied Physics Reviews

Secure space-to-space interferometric communications and its nexus to the physics of quantum entanglement

F.J. Duarte

Published Nov 9, 2016• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The history of the probability amplitude equation |ψ〉=(|x,y〉−|y,x〉) applicable to quanta pairs, propagating in different directions with entangled polarizations, is reviewed and traced back to the 1947–1949 period. The interferometric Dirac foundations common to |ψ〉=(|x,y〉−|y,x〉) and the generalized N-slit interferometric equation, for indistinguishable quanta, are also described. The results from a series of experiments on N-slit laser interferometers, with intra interferometric propagation paths up to 527 m, are reviewed. Particular attention is given to explain the generation of interferometric characters, for secure space-to-space communications, which immediately collapse on attempts of interception. The design of a low divergence N-slit laser interferometer for low Earth orbit-low Earth orbit (LEO-LEO), and LEO-geostationary Earth orbit (LEO-GEO), secure interferometric communications is described and a weight assessment is provided.

DOI
10.1063/1.4966139

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The history of the probability amplitude equation |ψ〉=(|x,y〉−|y,x〉) applicable to quanta pairs, propagating in different directions with entangled polarizations, is reviewed and traced back to the 1947–1949 period. The interferometric Dirac foundations common to |ψ〉=(|x,y〉−|y,x〉) and the generalized N-slit interferometric equation, for indistinguishable quanta, are also described. The results from a series of experiments on N-slit laser interferometers, with intra interferometric propagation paths up to 527 m, are reviewed. Particular attention is given to explain the generation of interferometric characters, for secure space-to-space communications, which immediately collapse on attempts of interception. The design of a low divergence N-slit laser interferometer for low Earth orbit-low Earth orbit (LEO-LEO), and LEO-geostationary Earth orbit (LEO-GEO), secure interferometric communications is described and a weight assessment is provided.
The N-slit laser interferometer (NSLI) was first introduced as an alternative applicable to secure free-space optical communications in 2002. Albeit its initial propagation distance in the laboratory was only 15 cm, it was envisioned as an interferometric tool ideally suited for propagation in the vacuum, or outer space. Subsequently, NSLI experiments have also been conducted over hundreds of meters, in the field, via open atmosphere The interferometric character then propagates via the intra-interferometric distance until it reaches the interferometric plane at x. In other words, the generation, propagation, and detection of the interferometric characters take place within the NSLI, thus highlighting the conceptual and configurational simplicity of the interferometric approach. The concept of interferometric characters was introduced when the NSLI was disclosed as an alternative for secure free-space optical communications. In this approach there are an infinite number of possible slit combinations that can lead to a set of interferometric characters.
N-slit interferometry has recently been applied to generate a series of interferometric characters that propagate, in free space, according to well established interference and optical propagation principles. Any attempt to intercept the interferometric character leads to detectable spatial distortions. Originally, experiments were reported at distances in the centimetre range. Here, successful communications, and enhanced detection sensitivity of optical interception, at distances of over 7 m is reported. Further, we discuss conceptual countermeasures and their inapplicability to intercept, undetected, the interferometric characters.
Classical secure communication mainly has the following drawbacks. The first one is that we can't theoretically prove that the algorithm can't be broken. Then, with the rapid development of quantum computer, the algorithm can be cracked in a short time. In this paper, a new way of secure optical communication based on quantum entanglement is discussed. N-slit interferometry is used to generate a series of optical signals which represent some characters with specific meaning. Any intra-path perturbations will lead to the collapse of wave function. By using the Dirac's notation, propagating interferograms can be predicted successfully which carry specific information. The results show that interferometric signal particularly suitable for optical communication.
The Dirac–Feynman probability amplitude is introduced from first principles. This introduction starts from the basic two intra-interferometric spaces and continues to multiple intra-interferometric spaces. The probability amplitudes are then multiplied by their complex conjugate, via Born’s rule, to yield practical usable generalized interferometric quantum probabilities. A series of mathematically explicit quantum probabilities for N = 2, 3, 4, 5 are given. Various measurements and practical examples for N = 2 up to N = 100 are discussed in detail. Generalized N -slit quantum probability equations for two dimensions and three dimensions are also given.
This paper proposes and analyzes the potential of a multi-photon tolerant quantum communication protocol to secure satellite communication. For securing satellite communication, quantum cryptography is the only known unconditionally secure method. A number of recent experiments have shown feasibility of satellite-aided global quantum key distribution (QKD) using different methods such as: Use of entangled photon pairs, decoy state methods, and entanglement swapping. The use of single photon in these methods restricts the distance and speed over which quantum cryptography can be applied. Contemporary quantum cryptography protocols like the BB84 and its variants suffer from the limitation of reaching the distances of only Low Earth Orbit (LEO) at the data rates of few kilobits per second. This makes it impossible to develop a general satellite-based secure global communication network using the existing protocols. The method proposed in this paper allows secure communication at the heights of the Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) and Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites. The benefits of the proposed method are two-fold: First it enables the realization of a secure global communication network based on satellites and second it provides unconditional security for satellite networks at GEO heights. The multi-photon approach discussed in this paper ameliorates the distance and speed issues associated with quantum cryptography through the use of contemporary laser communication (lasercom) devices. This approach can be seen as a step ahead towards global quantum communication.