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International Journal of Quantum Information

High-capacity quantum secure direct communication using hyper-entanglement of photonic qubits

Jiarui Cai, Ziwen Pan, Tie-Jun Wang, Sihai Wang, Chuan Xi Wang

Published Nov 15, 2016• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Hyper-entanglement is a system constituted by photons entangled in multiple degrees of freedom (DOF), being considered as a promising way of increasing channel capacity and guaranteeing powerful eavesdropping safeguard. In this work, we propose a coding scheme based on a 3-particle hyper-entanglement of polarization and orbital angular momentum (OAM) system and its application as a quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol. The OAM values are specially encoded by Fibonacci sequence and the polarization carries information by defined unitary operations. The internal relations of the secret message enhances security due to principle of quantum mechanics and Fibonacci sequence. We also discuss the coding capacity and security property along with some simulation results to show its superiority and extensibility.

DOI
10.1142/s021974991650043x

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Hyper-entanglement is a system constituted by photons entangled in multiple degrees of freedom (DOF), being considered as a promising way of increasing channel capacity and guaranteeing powerful eavesdropping safeguard. In this work, we propose a coding scheme based on a 3-particle hyper-entanglement of polarization and orbital angular momentum (OAM) system and its application as a quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol. The OAM values are specially encoded by Fibonacci sequence and the polarization carries information by defined unitary operations. The internal relations of the secret message enhances security due to principle of quantum mechanics and Fibonacci sequence. We also discuss the coding capacity and security property along with some simulation results to show its superiority and extensibility.
Higher channel capacity and noise elimination are the key requirements for the implementation of long-distance quantum communication. As the additional degrees of freedom (DoF) of photons can be employed to achieve higher channel capacity and security beyond the polarizations DoF of photons, the photonic qubits are always employed as the flying qubits in quantum communication and quantum information processing. Here, exploiting the multiple DoFs of photons, we present an efficient quantum secure direct communication protocol based on the coding and manipulation of qubits on both the polarization and the orbital angular momentum of photons. Also, the numerical simulation is studied to further clarify the improvement of the channel capacity and the security. It is found that the channel capacity and the error rate (caused by eavesdropping) of the QSDC protocol which encoded on the polarization DoF and the OAM DoF is significantly higher than that of coding on only polarization DoF. We believe this work could provide more evidence for the applications of higher-dimensional qubits in quantum information science.
Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) is a promising approach for secure information exchange. This paper proposes an efficient and secure four-party QSDC scheme utilizing hyperentangled Bell states in the polarization degree of freedom, the first longitudinal momentum degree of freedom and the second longitudinal momentum degree of freedom. The four participants can perform different unitary operations to independently encode their secret messages onto photons in three degrees of freedom, subsequently transmitting them directly through the quantum channel. In this proposed protocol, each degree of freedom of the photon can effectively carry two bits of information. Each round of transmission by a photon enables the four legitimate participants to obtain six classical bits of information. Notably, when compared to other photons based single-degree-of-freedom QSDC network protocols, the capacity of proposed QSDC protocol is tripled. Therefore, it significantly enhances the information transmission capability. Furthermore, comprehensive security analysis shows that our QSDC network protocol can withstand various attacks from external eavesdroppers.
The existing quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocols mainly make use of the spin angular momentum and entangled photons, to realize direct transmission of confidential information. But those protocols' capacity is low, only one-bit information. On the other hand, the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of a photon can be theoretically evaluated from minus infinity to infinity, and the angular momentum states of different orbits are orthogonal to each other. Given that, in this paper, we propose a quantum secure direct communication scheme based on OAM. Specifically, taking OAM of photons as the information carrier, the data of information is segmented and high-capacity coding in quantum secure direct communication is realized through the segmentation of sector states.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) can directly transmit secret messages through quantum channel without keys. Device-independent (DI) QSDC guarantees the message security relying only on the observation of the Bell-inequality violation, but not on any detailed description or trust of the devices' inner workings. Compared with conventional QSDC, DI-QSDC has relatively low secret message capacity. To increase DI-QSDC's secret messages capacity, we propose a high-capacity DI-QSDC protocol based on the hyper-encoding technique. The total message leakage rate of our DI-QSDC protocol only relies on the most robust degree of freedom. We provide the numerical simulation of its secret message capacity altered with the communication distance. Our work serves as an important step toward the further development of DI-QSDC systems.
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) states of photons span a high-dimensional Hilbert space, and by using it, higher information capacity and enhanced security can be achieved for both classical communication and quantum key distribution. In this work, we propose a feasible basis-independent encoding scheme for OAM states and show its application in high-dimensional quantum secure direct communication, which enables direct transmission of meaningful messages, in addition to random secret key establishing. Imperfections of optical components may reduce the efficiency of the encoding scheme and, thus, the channel capacity. We discuss the optimal input distribution under realistic conditions to achieve maximal mutual information and an alternative solution using a different set of mutually unbiased bases in the case of a prime-dimensional quantum system.
We propose two schemes for realizing quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) by using a set of ordered two-photon three-dimensional hyperentangled states entangled in two degrees of freedom (DOFs) as quantum information channels. In the first scheme, the photons from Bob to Alice are transmitted only once. After insuring the security of the quantum channels, Bob encodes the secret message on his photons. Then Alice performs single-photon two-DOF Bell bases measurements on her photons. This scheme has better security than former QSDC protocols. In the second scheme, Bob transmits photons to Alice twice. After insuring the security of the quantum channels, Bob encodes the secret message on his photons. Then Alice performs two-photon Bell bases measurements on each DOF. The scheme has more information capacity than former QSDC protocols.