TCP Three-Way Handshake Protocol based on Quantum Entanglement

Hyung-Jin Yang, Changho Hong, Jong In Lim +1 more

Rahul, Manjesh K. Hanawal, Sameer G. Kulkarni +1 more

The threat of quantum computers breaking classical cryptographic is accelerating the adoption of quantum- resistant cryptographic algorithms. Several government agencies have set a tight time-line for upgradation of all system to support post quantum cryptographs. We study post-quantum migration of IPSec protocols and their impact on network performance. The large key lengths in Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) cannot fit in a single IP packet leading to IP fragmentation. This can cause failure of security associations and degrade performance of IKEv2 under poor network conditions. To tackle this problem, we study a new key- sharing mechanism for IKEv2 and evaluate its performance. Unlike current hybrid key-sharing approaches, which send the classical and quantum keys sequentially over UDP or TCP (as in RFC 9370), the new approach concatenates them into a single composite key and transport them over TCP to ensure a reliable handshake. We implement and benchmark the new composite key-sharing handshake mechanism against existing hybrid algorithms that use either UDP or TCP. Extensive experiments under various network conditions demonstrate that the new approach significantly improves handshake time and energy consumption by avoiding the severe retransmission penalties of the Hybrid handshake mechanism. At 1% packet loss, the handshake time of composite key sharing mechanism is better by atleast 20% than hybrid mechanisms, and the improve- ment get better with higher packet loss reaching 30% at 10% packet loss. Energy consumption follows the same pattern achieving reduction of 29% at 10% packet loss

Zhenbang Rong, Daowen Qiu, Xiangfu Zou

Dimitrios Sikeridis, Panos Kampanakis, Michael Devetsikiotis

The advances in quantum computing present a threat to public key primitives due to their ability to solve hard cryptographic problems in polynomial time. To address this threat to critical Internet security protocols like the Transfer Layer Security (TLS), and Secure Shell (SSH), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is currently working on the new generation of quantum-resistant key encapsulation and authentication schemes. In this paper, we evaluate protocol handshake performance when both post-quantum key exchange and authentication are integrated into TLS and SSH. Our experiments consider realistic network conditions and reveal that the introduced handshake latency ranges between 1-300% for TLS and 0.5-50% for SSH depending on the post-quantum algorithms used. In addition, we examine how the initial TCP window size affects post-quantum TLS and SSH performance, and show that even a small size increase can reduce the observed post-quantum slowdown by 50%. Finally, we discuss alternatives that can encourage the early adoption of post-quantum cryptography with minimum protocol performance degradation.

Nanrun Zhou, Hu-Lai Cheng, Li-Hua Gong +1 more

Mayssaa El Rifai, Pramode K. Verma

This paper presents a model of integration of the Three-stage quantum cryptography protocol and its variants into the IEEE 802.11 wireless communication standard. The three-stage protocol is introduced during the quantum handshake as a replacement to the BB'84 protocol. Compared to the quantum handshake using BB'84, integrating the three-stage protocol offers several benefits such as enhanced data rates, fewer steps needed to establish the final key, longer distances, and increased number of photons that can be used during the transmission process. In addition, this paper presents a multi-agent software approach to implement the quantum handshake using the three-stage protocol.