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A NEW LASER COOLING METHOD FOR LITHIUM ATOM INTERFEROMETRY

Geena Kim

Published Jan 1, 2014• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

An atom interferometer offers means to measure physical constants and physical quantities with a high precision, with relatively low cost and convenience as a table-top experiment. A precision measurement of a gravitational acceleration can test fundamental physics concepts such as Einstein equivalence principle (EEP). We identified that the two lithium isotopes (${}^{7}$Li and ${}^{6}$Li) have an advantage for the test of EEP, according to the standard model extension (SME). We aim to build the world's first lithium atom interferometer and test the Einstein equivalence principle.\\\\We demonstrate a new laser cooling method suitable for a lithium atom interferometer. Although lithium is often used in ultra-cold atom experiments for its interesting physical properties and measurement feasibility, it is more difficult to laser cool lithium than other alkali atoms due to its unresolved hyperfine states, light mass (large recoil velocity) and high temperature from the oven. Typically, standard laser cooling techniques such as Zeeman slowers and magneto-optical traps are used to cool lithium atoms to about 1 mK, and the evaporative cooling method is used to cool lithium atoms to a few $\\mu$K for Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) experiments. However, for the atom interferometry purpose, the evaporative cooling method is not ideal for several reasons: First, its cooling efficiency is so low (0.01 \\% or less) that typically only $10^4-10^5$ atoms are left after cooling when one begins with $10^9$ atoms. More atoms in an atom interferometer are needed to have a better signal to noise ratio. Second, an evaporative cooling is used to make a BEC, but we do not need a BEC to make an atom interferometer. In an atom interferometer, a high density of atoms as in a BEC should be avoided since it causes a phase shift due to atom interactions. Third, a setup for an evaporative cooling requires intricate RF generating coils or a high power laser. \\\\With a simple optical lattice and a moderate laser power (100 mW), we achieved a sub-Doppler cooling of lithium by a new laser cooling method despite the fact that lithium has un-resolved hyperfine structure. We identified that the Sisyphus cooling and the adiabatic cooling mechanisms cooperate and give both lower temperature and higher cooling efficiency than the result that can be achieved by each alone. We cooled ${}^{7}$Li atoms to $\\sim \\;50\\;\\mu$K (about 8 times the recoil temperature) in a one dimensional lattice with cooling efficiency of $50\\%$. In three dimensions the cooling temperature was limited to $90\\,\\mu$K due to instability of our 3D lattice, however the same principle applies and potentially a lower temperature can be achieved in 3D as well.

Related papers

Hot Beats and Tune Outs: Atom Interferometry with Laser-cooled Lithium

Kayleigh Cassella

Ushered forth by advances in time and frequency metrology, atom interferometry remains an indispensable measurement tool in atomic physics due to its precision and versatility. A sequence of four $\\pi/2$ beam splitter pulses can create either an interferometer sensitive to the atom's recoil frequency when the momentum imparted by the light reverses direction between pulse pairs or, when constructed from pulses without such reversal, sensitive to the perturbing potential from an external optical field. Here, we demonstrate the first atom interferometer with laser-cooled lithium, advantageous for its low mass and simple atomic structure. We study both a recoil-sensitive Ramsey-Bord\\'e interferometer and interferometry sensitive to the dynamic polarizability of the ground state of lithium. Recoil-sensitive Ramsey-Bord\\'e interferometry benefits from lithium's high recoil frequency, a consequence of its low mass. At an interrogation time of 10 ms, a Ramsey-Bord\\'e lithium interferometer could achieve sensitivities comparable to those realized at much longer times with heavier alkali atoms. However, in contrast with other atoms that are used for atom interferometry, lithium's unresolved excited-state hyperfine structure precludes the the cycling transition necessary for efficient cooling. Without sub-Doppler cooling techniques. As as result, a lithium atomic gas is typically laser cooled to temperatures around 300 $\\mu$K, above the Doppler limit, and well above the recoil temperature of 6 $\\mu$K. This higher temperature gas expands rapidly during the operation of an atom interferometer, limiting the experimental interrogation time and preventing spatially resolved detection. In this work, a light-pulse lithium matter-wave interferometer is demonstrated in spite of these limitation. Two-photon Raman interferometer pulses coherently couple the atom's spin and momentum and are thus able to spectrally resolve the outputs. These fast pulses drive conjugate interferometers simultaneously which beat with a fast frequency component proportional to the atomic recoil frequency and an envelope modulated by the two-photon detuning of the Raman transition. We detect the summed signal at short experimental times, preventing perturbation of the signal from vibration noise. This demonstration of a sub-recoil measurement with a super-recoil sample opens the door to similar scheme with other particles that are difficult to trap and cool well, like electrons. An interferometer instead composed of $\\pi/2$-pulses with a single direction of momentum transfer, can be sensitive to the dynamic polarizability of the atomic ground state. By scanning the frequency of an external driving field, such a measurement can be used to determine the atom's tune-out wavelength. This is the wavelength at which the frequency-dependent polarizability vanishes due to compensating ac-Stark shifts from other atomic states. Lithium's simple atomic structure allows for a precise computation of properties with only {\\em ab initio} wave functions and spectroscopic data. A direct interferometric measurement of lithium's red tune-out wavelength at 670.971626(1) nm, is a precise comparison to existing `all-order' atomic theory computations. It also provides another way to experimentally determine the $S-$ to $P-$ transitions matrix elements, for which large correlations and small values complicate computations. Finally, a future measurement of lithium's ultraviolet tune-out wavelength of at 324.192(2) nm would be sensitive to relativistic approximations in the atomic structure description.Atom interferometry simultaneously verifies existing atomic theory with measurements of atomic properties and searches for exotic physics lurking in plain sight. The techniques developed here broaden the applicability of interferometry and increase measurement sensitivity by simplifying cooling, increasing atom number and reducing the cycle time. Overcoming the current experimental limitations on interrogation time would allow for ultra-precise measurements of both the tune-out wavelength and the fine structure constant.

•Jan 1, 2018•1 citation

Subrecoil Raman laser cooling of $lt;sup$gt;6$lt;/sup$gt;Li atoms

Liang Zhang, Shichuan Yu, Pengyue Liu +3 more

We realize an efficient one-dimensional Raman cooling of 6Li atoms using 2S→2P Raman transition pulses and 2S→3P ultraviolet (UV) optical repumping. In this cooling scheme, we directly cool an initial cold atomic sample of 350 μK released from a standard magneto-optical trap down to a velocity spread of 0.8 recoil velocity, corresponding to an effective temperature of 4.5 μK, an increase of almost an order of magnitude in the phase space density with respect to ordinary laser sub-Doppler cooling. This technique may provide an ideal initial sub-recoil atomic sample for the application of the large-momentum-transfer in the recoil-sensitive lithium atom interferometers.

Frontiers of Physics•Jan 1, 2025•1 citation

Tune-out measurement in lukewarm lithium with phase-patterned atom interferometry

Eric Copenhaver

Atom interferometry deploys atoms as sensors, delivering precision measurements that span the gamut of physics. Laser-cooled samples simplify uniform detection strategies and allow meticulous control over degrees of freedom and systematic effects. Advanced cooling and interferometry techniques do apply readily to a few atomic species, but they leave behind a large class of species otherwise suited for precision sensing. This thesis describes atom interferometry with a sample of lukewarm $^7$Li, near the Doppler temperature. High thermal speeds demand rapid atom optics and complicate detection. We nevertheless develop interferometer techniques that considerably relax cooling requirements, including a recoil-sensitive scheme capable of measuring the fine-structure constant that takes advantage of $^7$Li's low mass. We also establish a phase-patterning protocol to inscribe and sense spatially-varying phases with matter-wave interferometers whose sample sizes exceed the arm separation. Phase patterning forms the basis of the first precision measurement of $^7$Li's red tune-out wavelength, the wavelength where AC Stark shifts from the $D$-line transitions cancel and the polarizability vanishes. Our measurement registers a 3-$\\sigma$ tension with \\emph{ab initio} atomic theory regarding the tensor-shifted tune-out wavelength and a 2-$\\sigma$ tension regarding the size of the tensor shift, but agrees with theory regarding the scalar tune-out wavelength. These results motivate further work on lithium's polarizability, enable direct measurements of hyperpolarizability, and empower an assortment of future applications of phase patterning in matter-wave interferometry.

•Jan 1, 2019•0 citations

Zeeman slowing and magneto-optically trapping of lithium atoms in atomic interferometry experiments

Yang Wei, Sun Dali, Zhou Lin +2 more

To prepare cold lithium atoms for atomic interferometry experiments, we have carried out experimental researches on Zeeman deceleration and magneto-optical trap (MOT) of lithium atoms. We have also designed and implemented a compact adjustable Zeeman slower with an inner water cooling chamber, to decelerate the velocity of the 7Li atom beam from 600 m/s down to 60 m/s, and load them into the MOT. The loading rate is 5108 /s, the total trapped atom number is 1109 , and the lowest temperature of the atom cloud is 220 30 K. Then we investigate the dependence of lifetime of 7Li atoms in optical molasses on the detuning of trapping laser beams. The above results lay a foundation for further sub-Doppler cooling, optical trap based on evaporative cooling, and atomic interferometry experiments.

Acta Physica Sinica•Jan 1, 2014•6 citations

Cooling and trapping atomic lithium, a laboratory for ultracold collisions

A. J. Moerdijk, Eite Tiesinga, BOUDEWIJN J. VERHAAR +1 more

The purpose of our collaboration is to study ultracold collisions in a gas sample of atomic lithium. The associated experimental context is a scheme for producing such a gas sample in conditions where Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) should be observable in the case of the {sup 7}Li isotope or Fermi degenerate behavior for the {sup 6}Li isotope. The plan is to load 10{sup 5}-10{sup 9} Li atoms from a laser cooled atomic beam into a magnetic trap with a diameter of about 1 mm. The fundamental limitation to achieving high density will be collisions of ground state atoms. We are interested in the loss of atomic density in a magnetic trap due to two-body dipolar collisions and spin-exchange collisions. Lithium atoms offer important advantages relative to other alkali atoms from the theoretical point of view. In the first place there is the greater accuracy of the available long-range potential parameters. Secondly, one avoids a complication of the heavier alkalis connected with the unknown spin-spin term following in second order from the electronic spin-orbit couplings In this contribution we present preliminary results for the above loss-mechanisms.

Bulletin of the American Physical Society•May 1, 1993•0 citations

Narrow line laser cooling of lithium: A new tool for all-optical production of a degenerate Fermi gas

Pedro Duarte

We have used the narrow 2 S 1/2 [arrow right] 3 P 3/2 transition in the ultraviolet (UV) to laser cool and magneto-optically trap (MOT) 6 Li atoms. Laser cooling of lithium atoms is usually performed on the 2 S 1/2 [arrow right] 2 P 3/2 (D2) transition, where temperatures of twice the Doppler limit, or ∼300 μ K for lithium, are achieved. The linewidth of the UV transition is seven times narrower than the D2 line, resulting in a lower Doppler limit. We show that a MOT operating on the UV transition reaches temperatures as low as 59 μ K. We load 6 million atoms from this UV MOT into a 1070 nm optical dipole trap (ODT). We show that the light shift of the UV transition in the ODT is small and blue-shifted, facilitating efficient loading. Evaporative cooling of a two spin-state mixture of 6 Li in the ODT produces a quantum degenerate Fermi gas with 3 million atoms in only 11 seconds.

•Jan 1, 2011•2 citations
An atom interferometer offers means to measure physical constants and physical quantities with a high precision, with relatively low cost and convenience as a table-top experiment. A precision measurement of a gravitational acceleration can test fundamental physics concepts such as Einstein equivalence principle (EEP). We identified that the two lithium isotopes (7{}^{7}7Li and 6{}^{6}6Li) have an advantage for the test of EEP, according to the standard model extension (SME). We aim to build the world's first lithium atom interferometer and test the Einstein equivalence principle.\\We demonstrate a new laser cooling method suitable for a lithium atom interferometer. Although lithium is often used in ultra-cold atom experiments for its interesting physical properties and measurement feasibility, it is more difficult to laser cool lithium than other alkali atoms due to its unresolved hyperfine states, light mass (large recoil velocity) and high temperature from the oven. Typically, standard laser cooling techniques such as Zeeman slowers and magneto-optical traps are used to cool lithium atoms to about 1 mK, and the evaporative cooling method is used to cool lithium atoms to a few mu\\mumuK for Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) experiments. However, for the atom interferometry purpose, the evaporative cooling method is not ideal for several reasons: First, its cooling efficiency is so low (0.01 \% or less) that typically only 104−10510^4-10^5104−105 atoms are left after cooling when one begins with 10910^9109 atoms. More atoms in an atom interferometer are needed to have a better signal to noise ratio. Second, an evaporative cooling is used to make a BEC, but we do not need a BEC to make an atom interferometer. In an atom interferometer, a high density of atoms as in a BEC should be avoided since it causes a phase shift due to atom interactions. Third, a setup for an evaporative cooling requires intricate RF generating coils or a high power laser. \\With a simple optical lattice and a moderate laser power (100 mW), we achieved a sub-Doppler cooling of lithium by a new laser cooling method despite the fact that lithium has un-resolved hyperfine structure. We identified that the Sisyphus cooling and the adiabatic cooling mechanisms cooperate and give both lower temperature and higher cooling efficiency than the result that can be achieved by each alone. We cooled 7{}^{7}7Li atoms to sim;50;mu\\sim \\;50\\;\\musim;50;muK (about 8 times the recoil temperature) in a one dimensional lattice with cooling efficiency of 5050\\%50. In three dimensions the cooling temperature was limited to 90,mu90\\,\\mu90,muK due to instability of our 3D lattice, however the same principle applies and potentially a lower temperature can be achieved in 3D as well.
Ushered forth by advances in time and frequency metrology, atom interferometry remains an indispensable measurement tool in atomic physics due to its precision and versatility. A sequence of four pi/2\\pi/2pi/2 beam splitter pulses can create either an interferometer sensitive to the atom's recoil frequency when the momentum imparted by the light reverses direction between pulse pairs or, when constructed from pulses without such reversal, sensitive to the perturbing potential from an external optical field. Here, we demonstrate the first atom interferometer with laser-cooled lithium, advantageous for its low mass and simple atomic structure. We study both a recoil-sensitive Ramsey-Bord\\'e interferometer and interferometry sensitive to the dynamic polarizability of the ground state of lithium. Recoil-sensitive Ramsey-Bord\\'e interferometry benefits from lithium's high recoil frequency, a consequence of its low mass. At an interrogation time of 10 ms, a Ramsey-Bord\\'e lithium interferometer could achieve sensitivities comparable to those realized at much longer times with heavier alkali atoms. However, in contrast with other atoms that are used for atom interferometry, lithium's unresolved excited-state hyperfine structure precludes the the cycling transition necessary for efficient cooling. Without sub-Doppler cooling techniques. As as result, a lithium atomic gas is typically laser cooled to temperatures around 300 mu\\mumuK, above the Doppler limit, and well above the recoil temperature of 6 mu\\mumuK. This higher temperature gas expands rapidly during the operation of an atom interferometer, limiting the experimental interrogation time and preventing spatially resolved detection. In this work, a light-pulse lithium matter-wave interferometer is demonstrated in spite of these limitation. Two-photon Raman interferometer pulses coherently couple the atom's spin and momentum and are thus able to spectrally resolve the outputs. These fast pulses drive conjugate interferometers simultaneously which beat with a fast frequency component proportional to the atomic recoil frequency and an envelope modulated by the two-photon detuning of the Raman transition. We detect the summed signal at short experimental times, preventing perturbation of the signal from vibration noise. This demonstration of a sub-recoil measurement with a super-recoil sample opens the door to similar scheme with other particles that are difficult to trap and cool well, like electrons. An interferometer instead composed of pi/2\\pi/2pi/2-pulses with a single direction of momentum transfer, can be sensitive to the dynamic polarizability of the atomic ground state. By scanning the frequency of an external driving field, such a measurement can be used to determine the atom's tune-out wavelength. This is the wavelength at which the frequency-dependent polarizability vanishes due to compensating ac-Stark shifts from other atomic states. Lithium's simple atomic structure allows for a precise computation of properties with only {\\em ab initio} wave functions and spectroscopic data. A direct interferometric measurement of lithium's red tune-out wavelength at 670.971626(1) nm, is a precise comparison to existing `all-order' atomic theory computations. It also provides another way to experimentally determine the S−S-S− to P−P-P− transitions matrix elements, for which large correlations and small values complicate computations. Finally, a future measurement of lithium's ultraviolet tune-out wavelength of at 324.192(2) nm would be sensitive to relativistic approximations in the atomic structure description.Atom interferometry simultaneously verifies existing atomic theory with measurements of atomic properties and searches for exotic physics lurking in plain sight. The techniques developed here broaden the applicability of interferometry and increase measurement sensitivity by simplifying cooling, increasing atom number and reducing the cycle time. Overcoming the current experimental limitations on interrogation time would allow for ultra-precise measurements of both the tune-out wavelength and the fine structure constant.
Subrecoil Raman laser cooling of lt;suplt;suplt;supgt;6lt;/suplt;/suplt;/supgt;Li atoms
We realize an efficient one-dimensional Raman cooling of 6Li atoms using 2S→2P Raman transition pulses and 2S→3P ultraviolet (UV) optical repumping. In this cooling scheme, we directly cool an initial cold atomic sample of 350 μK released from a standard magneto-optical trap down to a velocity spread of 0.8 recoil velocity, corresponding to an effective temperature of 4.5 μK, an increase of almost an order of magnitude in the phase space density with respect to ordinary laser sub-Doppler cooling. This technique may provide an ideal initial sub-recoil atomic sample for the application of the large-momentum-transfer in the recoil-sensitive lithium atom interferometers.
Atom interferometry deploys atoms as sensors, delivering precision measurements that span the gamut of physics. Laser-cooled samples simplify uniform detection strategies and allow meticulous control over degrees of freedom and systematic effects. Advanced cooling and interferometry techniques do apply readily to a few atomic species, but they leave behind a large class of species otherwise suited for precision sensing. This thesis describes atom interferometry with a sample of lukewarm 7^77Li, near the Doppler temperature. High thermal speeds demand rapid atom optics and complicate detection. We nevertheless develop interferometer techniques that considerably relax cooling requirements, including a recoil-sensitive scheme capable of measuring the fine-structure constant that takes advantage of 7^77Li's low mass. We also establish a phase-patterning protocol to inscribe and sense spatially-varying phases with matter-wave interferometers whose sample sizes exceed the arm separation. Phase patterning forms the basis of the first precision measurement of 7^77Li's red tune-out wavelength, the wavelength where AC Stark shifts from the DDD-line transitions cancel and the polarizability vanishes. Our measurement registers a 3-sigma\\sigmasigma tension with \\emph{ab initio} atomic theory regarding the tensor-shifted tune-out wavelength and a 2-sigma\\sigmasigma tension regarding the size of the tensor shift, but agrees with theory regarding the scalar tune-out wavelength. These results motivate further work on lithium's polarizability, enable direct measurements of hyperpolarizability, and empower an assortment of future applications of phase patterning in matter-wave interferometry.
To prepare cold lithium atoms for atomic interferometry experiments, we have carried out experimental researches on Zeeman deceleration and magneto-optical trap (MOT) of lithium atoms. We have also designed and implemented a compact adjustable Zeeman slower with an inner water cooling chamber, to decelerate the velocity of the 7Li atom beam from 600 m/s down to 60 m/s, and load them into the MOT. The loading rate is 5108 /s, the total trapped atom number is 1109 , and the lowest temperature of the atom cloud is 220 30 K. Then we investigate the dependence of lifetime of 7Li atoms in optical molasses on the detuning of trapping laser beams. The above results lay a foundation for further sub-Doppler cooling, optical trap based on evaporative cooling, and atomic interferometry experiments.
The purpose of our collaboration is to study ultracold collisions in a gas sample of atomic lithium. The associated experimental context is a scheme for producing such a gas sample in conditions where Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) should be observable in the case of the {sup 7}Li isotope or Fermi degenerate behavior for the {sup 6}Li isotope. The plan is to load 10{sup 5}-10{sup 9} Li atoms from a laser cooled atomic beam into a magnetic trap with a diameter of about 1 mm. The fundamental limitation to achieving high density will be collisions of ground state atoms. We are interested in the loss of atomic density in a magnetic trap due to two-body dipolar collisions and spin-exchange collisions. Lithium atoms offer important advantages relative to other alkali atoms from the theoretical point of view. In the first place there is the greater accuracy of the available long-range potential parameters. Secondly, one avoids a complication of the heavier alkalis connected with the unknown spin-spin term following in second order from the electronic spin-orbit couplings In this contribution we present preliminary results for the above loss-mechanisms.
We have used the narrow 2 S 1/2 [arrow right] 3 P 3/2 transition in the ultraviolet (UV) to laser cool and magneto-optically trap (MOT) 6 Li atoms. Laser cooling of lithium atoms is usually performed on the 2 S 1/2 [arrow right] 2 P 3/2 (D2) transition, where temperatures of twice the Doppler limit, or ∼300 μ K for lithium, are achieved. The linewidth of the UV transition is seven times narrower than the D2 line, resulting in a lower Doppler limit. We show that a MOT operating on the UV transition reaches temperatures as low as 59 μ K. We load 6 million atoms from this UV MOT into a 1070 nm optical dipole trap (ODT). We show that the light shift of the UV transition in the ODT is small and blue-shifted, facilitating efficient loading. Evaporative cooling of a two spin-state mixture of 6 Li in the ODT produces a quantum degenerate Fermi gas with 3 million atoms in only 11 seconds.