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Emission amplification by enhanced energy transfer using a photonic crystal

Luis González-Urbina, Javier Moreno, Koen Clays

Published Sep 14, 2011• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The efficiency of emitter sensitizers in OLEDs and solar cells can benefit from the properties of a photonic crystal. The reduction of energy modes by the photonic band gap favours Förster energy transfer in donor-acceptor pairs, and results in a population increase on the emitter excited states. Here we show how the intensity from Ir(ppy)3, typically used as an emitter and as a sensitizer, can be enhanced in the presence of BAlq under the influence of a photonic band gap. The suppression of the radiative emission from the BAlq due to optical confinement in a 3-dimensional photonic crystal helps to populate the excited states of the Ir(ppy)3 which leads to a high increase on the emission from this molecule. Since these organometallic compounds are extensively used in current technologies, the effect can have impact on many organic systems used in OLEDs and solar cells

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The efficiency of emitter sensitizers in OLEDs and solar cells can benefit from the properties of a photonic crystal. The reduction of energy modes by the photonic band gap favours Förster energy transfer in donor-acceptor pairs, and results in a population increase on the emitter excited states. Here we show how the intensity from Ir(ppy)3, typically used as an emitter and as a sensitizer, can be enhanced in the presence of BAlq under the influence of a photonic band gap. The suppression of the radiative emission from the BAlq due to optical confinement in a 3-dimensional photonic crystal helps to populate the excited states of the Ir(ppy)3 which leads to a high increase on the emission from this molecule. Since these organometallic compounds are extensively used in current technologies, the effect can have impact on many organic systems used in OLEDs and solar cells
The fluorescence of emitters embedded in a photonic crystal is known to be inhibited by the presence of a photonic pseudo-gap acting in their emission range. Here we present a comparative study of the influence of the pseudo-gap on the fluorescence emission of either organic dyes or nanocrystals embedded within a photonic crystal. Our results clearly show that the optical properties of the emitters are primarily controlled by the presence of a pseudo-gap which causes inhibition of the emission in both cases, regardless of the differences in chemical composition. These findings are mainly attributed to a decrease of the number of available photonic modes for radiative decay of the emitter in a photonic crystal compared to the effective homogeneous medium. Furthermore, we show that a photonic crystal can be used to control the fluorescence energy transfer (FRET) between donor-acceptor (D-A) pairs of dyes. Finally, we show that the application of an external magnetic field can finely tune the emission characteristics of emitters with a permanent magnetic moment.
Energy transfer from fluorescein (Fl) to Rhodamine B (RhB) in the opal photonic crystals has been investigated by photoluminescence. The results show that the energy transfer can be enhanced effectively by photonic bandgaps. When the fluorescence emission wavelength of donor Fl overlaps the photonic bandgap the fluorescence intensity of the donor is suppressed, while the fluorescence intensity of acceptor RhB is obviously enhanced. This enhancement can be attributed to the inhibition of radiative emission of the donor in the photonic crystals.
A photonic crystal, defined as a periodic dielectric structure, can influence the radiation rate of an embedded dipolar emitter. A theory of this effect is developed and the efficiency of a dipolar photonic source is calculated for a realistic three-dimensional crystal. Taking as a starting point the photonic band structure and its associated eigenfields, it is shown that the emission rate is strongly correlated with the density of modes, but also that the density of modes alone cannot explain all features found in the emission spectrum. For an infinite crystal, the computation of the field propagator confirms that the emission rate falls to zero in the frequency range defined by the photonic band gap. The emitter lifetime changes with the dipole location and orientation, leading to a radiation rate enhancement or inhibition according to the direction of the emission. These results may open routes to photonic sources with very high quantum efficiency.
Optical phenomena in materials with a space modulation of dielectric constant at distances close to the light wavelengths (so called photonic band-gap structures or photonic crystals) are of a great interest now because of the existence of band gaps in their photonic band structure (Bykov, 1972; Yablonovitch, 1987; John, 1987). These band gaps represent frequency regions where electromagnetic waves are forbidden, irrespective of the spatial propagation directions. Inside the band gaps, the photon density of states is equal to zero and so the emission of light sources embedded in these crystals should be inhibited in these spectral regions (Vats et al., 2002). Since the time the effect is predicted, many experiments have been devoted to studies of spontaneous emission of molecules embedded in photonic crystals (Gaponenko et al., 1999; Gorelik, 2007). Typical structures of photonic crystals and calculations of corresponding photonic band structures are presented in a book by Prof. Joannopoulos (Joannopoulos et al., 2008). Besides the emission inhibition effect, a number of new optical phenomena in 3D photonic crystals, interesting from the applied point of view, are under intensive study now. The main research directions are the following:  Effects of light localisation (John, 1987; Kaliteevskii et al., 2005; Vignolini et al., 2008).  Radiation of photonic crystals filled with organic (rhodamine 6G, 1,8-naphthoylene1’,2’-benzimidazole, stilbene) and inorganic (ZnO, ZnS, rare-earth ions Eu3+, Tb3+, Er3+) luminophores near by the edges of photonic band-gap (Gaponenko et al., 1999; Aliev et al., 2002; Emel’chenko et al., 2005; Li et al., 2007).  Radiation of CdTe, CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in photonic crystal volume (Gruzintsev et al., 2009; Ambrozevich et al., 2009).  Quantum optics phenomena in nano-structured materials based on photonic crystals and nonlinear optical substances (Lin & Vuckovic, 2010).  Effects of the radiation field amplification in photonic crystals (Lin & Vuckovic, 2010).  Increase of solar cells efficiency with the use of photonic crystals (Florescu et al., 2007).
Summary form only given: Amplification in rare-earth doped solid state planar optical structures has attracted a lot of interest in recent years due to the fact that the rare earth ions show sharp absorption and emission bands and relatively long luminescence lifetimes. In particular the erbium (Er) ion is very attractive because of its intra 4f-transition from the first excited state to the ground state around 1.53 mum (4I13/2-4I15/2). The main problem of the erbium doped waveguide amplifiers (EDWAs) is that high values of the Er3+concentration are required to reach high gain figures in a compact length, but in this way the concentration quenching effects become very considerable and detrimental to the optical gain, since they reduce the population in the first excited state. A good solution to overcome this dramatic drawback is to consider erbium doped photonic crystal amplifier (EDPCA). In fact the small group velocity of electromagnetic eigenmodes brings about the enhancement of stimulated emission if the photonic crystals are doped by active media as the rare earth ions E3+r or Yt3+. This phenomenon originates from the long interaction time between radiation field and the matter caused by the small group velocity near the edge of the photonic band gap. The efficient confinement of light is achievable not only by tuning the input signal at the band edge of the gap of the photonic crystal but it is also obtainable by introducing local defects inside photonic crystals. The density of electromagnetic states inside a cavity is significantly modified and the spontaneous emission of atoms in a cavity can be either enhanced or inhibited. Erbium doped silica-titania one-dimensional photonic crystal microcavities have been analyzed by solving the erbium rate equations and the Maxwell equations by means of an auxiliary differential equation finite difference time domain technique. Since the performance of optical amplifiers depends on the populations of the energy levels participating in radiative transitions, determined principally by the distribution and concentration of the rare-earth ions and by the pumping conditions, the relations between these parameters and the transmittance of the EDPCMA have been studied
By studying the transfer of excitation energy between dye molecules confined within an optical microcavity, we demonstrate experimentally that Förster energy transfer is influenced by the local photonic mode density. Locating donor and acceptor molecules at well-defined positions allows the transfer rate to be determined as a function of both mutual separation and cavity length. The results show that the Förster transfer rate depends linearly on the donor emission rate and hence photonic mode density, providing the potential to control energy transfer by modification of the optical environment.