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A Practical Quantum-Limited Parametric Amplifier Based on the Josephson Ring Modulator

Flavius Schackert

Published Jan 1, 2013• 9 citations
OpenAlex

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Two-mode squeezed vacuum states are a crucial component of quantum technologies. In the microwave domain, they can be produced by the Josephson ring modulator that acts as a three-wave mixing nondegenerate parametric amplifier. Here, we numerically solve the full master equation of three bosonic modes describing the Josephson ring modulator to compute squeezing of output fields and gain at low signal power. We show that the third-order interaction from the three-wave mixing process intrinsically limits squeezing and reduces gain. Since our results are related to other general cavity-based three-wave mixing processes, these imply that any nondegenerate parametric amplifier will have an intrinsic squeezing limit in the output fields.
The Josephson ring modulator (JRM) is a device, based on Josephson tunnel junctions, capable of performing nondegenerate mixing in the microwave regime without losses. The generic scattering matrix of the device is calculated by solving coupled quantum Langevin equations. Its form shows that the device can achieve quantum-limited noise performance both as an amplifier and a mixer. Fundamental limitations on simultaneous optimization of performance metrics like gain, bandwidth, and dynamic range (including the effect of pump depletion) are discussed. We also present three possible integrations of the JRM as the active medium in a different electromagnetic environment. The resulting circuits, named Josephson parametric converters (JPC), are discussed in detail, and experimental data on their dynamic range are found to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions. We also discuss future prospects and requisite optimization of JPC as a preamplifier for qubit readout applications.