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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

NV-based quantum memories coupled to photonic integrated circuits

Sara Mouradian, Tim Schröder, Jiabao Zheng, Tsung‐Ju Lu, Hyeongrak Choi, Noel Wan, Michael E. Walsh, Eric A. Bersin, Dirk Englund

Published Sep 16, 2016• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The negatively charged nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond is a promising solid-state quantum memory. However, developing networks comprising such quantum memories is limited by the fabrication yield of the quantum nodes and the collection efficiency of indistinguishable photons. In this letter, we report on advances on a hybrid quantum system that allows for scalable production of networks, even with low-yield node fabrication. Moreover, an NV center in a simple single mode diamond waveguide is shown in simulation and experiment to couple well to a single mode SiN waveguide with a simple adiabatic taper for optimal mode transfer. In addition, cavity enhancement of the zero phonon line of the NV center with a resonance coupled to the waveguide mode allows a simulated <1800 fold increase in the collection of photon states coherent with the state of the NV center into a single frequency and spatial mode.

DOI
10.1117/12.2236329

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The negatively charged nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond is a promising solid-state quantum memory. However, developing networks comprising such quantum memories is limited by the fabrication yield of the quantum nodes and the collection efficiency of indistinguishable photons. In this letter, we report on advances on a hybrid quantum system that allows for scalable production of networks, even with low-yield node fabrication. Moreover, an NV center in a simple single mode diamond waveguide is shown in simulation and experiment to couple well to a single mode SiN waveguide with a simple adiabatic taper for optimal mode transfer. In addition, cavity enhancement of the zero phonon line of the NV center with a resonance coupled to the waveguide mode allows a simulated <1800 fold increase in the collection of photon states coherent with the state of the NV center into a single frequency and spatial mode.
A central goal in quantum information science is to efficiently interface photons with single optical modes for quantum networking and distributed quantum computing. Here, we introduce and experimentally demonstrate a compact and efficient method for the low-loss coupling of a solid-state qubit, the nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond, with a single-mode optical fiber. In this approach, single-mode tapered diamond waveguides containing exactly one high quality NV memory are selected and integrated on tapered silica fibers. Numerical optimization of an adiabatic coupler indicates that near-unity-efficiency photon transfer is possible between the two modes. Experimentally, we find an overall collection efficiency between 16% and 37% and estimate a single photon count rate at saturation above 700 kHz. This integrated system enables robust, alignment-free, and efficient interfacing of single-mode optical fibers with single photon emitters and quantum memories in solids. A compact way to efficiently couple a solid-state qubit, the nitrogen vacancy center in diamond, with a single-mode optical fiber is shown. The ability to efficiently couple stationary quantum memories to a single spatial mode in a silica fiber is highly desired for various applications in quantum information processing. Now, Rishi Patel and co-workers, working in the group of Dirk Englund at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have proposed and experimentally demonstrated an approach involving adiabatic power transfer between a tapered silica fiber and a single-mode micro-waveguide made from high-quality diamond. This integrated diamond–silica waveguide system enables optical collection from nitrogen vacancy centers with overall efficiencies in the range 16%–37%—a roughly four-fold improvement over previous approaches that employed diamond point emitters rather than waveguiding structures. Numerical optimization analysis suggests that near-unity efficiencies are theoretically feasible.
A central goal in quantum information science is to efficiently interface photons with single optical modes for quantum networking and distributed quantum computing. Here, we introduce and experimentally demonstrate a compact and efficient method for the low-loss coupling of a solid-state qubit, the nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond, with a single-mode optical fiber. In this approach, single-mode tapered diamond waveguides containing exactly one high quality NV memory are selected and integrated on tapered silica fibers. Numerical optimization of an adiabatic coupler indicates that near-unity-efficiency photon transfer is possible between the two modes. Experimentally, we find an overall collection efficiency between 16% and 37% and estimate a single photon count rate at saturation above 700 kHz. This integrated system enables robust, alignment-free, and efficient interfacing of single-mode optical fibers with single photon emitters and quantum memories in solids.
Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are promising solid-state quantum emitters that can be utilized for photonic quantum applications. Various diamond nanophotonic devices have been fabricated for efficient extraction of single photons emitted from NV centers to a single guided mode. However, for constructing scalable quantum networks, further efficient coupling of single photons to a guided mode of a single-mode fiber (SMF) is indispensable and a difficult challenge. Here, we propose a novel efficient hybrid system between an optical nanofiber and a cylindrical-structured diamond nanowire. The maximum coupling efficiency as high as 75% for the sum of both fiber ends is obtained by numerical simulations. The proposed hybrid system will provide a simple and efficient interface between solid-state quantum emitters and a SMF suitable for constructing scalable quantum networks.
Realizing a scalable quantum network based on defects in diamond is impeded by the difficulty of collecting the photons that are useful for generating spin-spin entanglement. By integrating the diamond $N\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}V$ center with a single-mode waveguide in a $I\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}I\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}I-V$ semiconductor photonic circuit, the authors achieve photon collection rates above the theoretical limit for free-space, nonresonant collection. This performance meets or exceeds that of all-diamond photonic circuits, and along with the scale of integration shows the potential of this hybrid platform for quantum information processing.
Nitrogen–vacancy centers in diamond have outstanding quantum optical properties that enable applications in information processing and sensing. As with most solid-state systems for quantum photonic applications, the great promise lies in the capability to embed them in an on-chip optical network. Here we present basic integrated devices composed of diamond micro-ring resonators coupled to waveguides that are terminated with grating out-couplers. Strong enhancement is observed for the zero-phonon line of nitrogen–vacancy centers coupled to the ring resonance. The zero-phonon line is efficiently coupled from the ring into the waveguide and then scattered out of plane by the grating out-couplers.
We demonstrate a self-aligned lithographic technique for precision generation of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers within photonic nanostructures on bulk diamond substrates. The process relies on a lithographic mask with nanoscale implantation apertures for NV creation, together with larger features for producing waveguides and photonic nanocavities. This mask allows targeted nitrogen ion implantation, and precision dry etching of nanostructures on bulk diamond. We demonstrate high-yield generation of single NVs at pre-determined nanoscale target regions on suspended diamond waveguides. We report implantation into the mode maximum of diamond photonic crystal nanocavities with a single-NV per cavity yield of ∼26% and Purcell induced intensity enhancement of the zero-phonon line. The generation of NV centers aligned with diamond photonic structures marks an important tool for scalable production of optically coupled spin memories.