Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

International journal of optics and applications

The Photon as a Mass Particle Associated with a Wave

Adnan Salih Al-Ithawi

Published Jan 1, 2015• 7 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Neither the pure wave theory nor the pure particle theory can explain the nature of light. Light must be both a particle and a wave. It is a wave because it exhibits interference effects. At the same time, the fact that the photographs contain discrete dots is a direct demonstration that light refuses to be split into units of less than a single photon. We found a general equations that solved all the problems in the current theories for the photon and explained the nature of light by suggesting new hypotheses. According to our results, the photon is a particle which has mass and associated with a wave. The results of the research proved that the refractive index of materials varies with the natural mass of the photon.

Related papers

Redefinition of De-Broglie Wavelength Associated with Material Particle

Chandra Bahadur Khadka

The objective of the work is to reveal the Association of special theory of relativity with De-Broglie wavelength of a particle. It shows that wave nature of a particle is always associated with it’s relativistic properties. The phenomena of interference, diffraction and polarization of light can only be explained on the basis of wave theory of light. These phenomena show that light possesses wave nature. However, certain phenomena like photoelectric effect, Compton effect and discrete emission and absorption of radiation can only be explained on the basis of quantum theory. According to this theory , light propagates in a small packets or quanta and behave like corpuscles or particle. This shows that light possesses particle nature. thus, we can say that light possesses dual nature. The matter also possesses the same dual nature. In order to have wave nature, the particle must satisfy the equation Where m denotes the mass of particle when it is moving with certain velocity. h=6.62×10-34 is the plank’s constant. C is the velocity of light in free space. This shows that wavelength of a material Particle depends on mass. When mathematical operation is done on above equation, it give complete quantitative properties about the wave nature of a particle.

Indian Journal of Advanced Physics•Feb 10, 2022•6 citations

The Light in a New Light: Always a Wave, Never a Particle

Bandula Dahanayake

Though it has been widely viewed that the light consists of quantum particles known as photons, the light is not made of quantum particles or photons, and the light is always a wave. What is quantized in the light is the frequency. The electromagnetic frequency is always quantized due to the quantized nature of the electromagnetic energy; the quantum energy results in quantum frequency. The light is made up of many discrete electromagnetic wave bursts of constant durations; each burst consists of an electromagnetic wave of a single frequency determined by an integer multiple of the indivisible quantum energy units. The quantum energy and frequency are synonymous; they are one and the same. The duration of a wave burst is a universal constant, and it is the same for all the wave bursts irrespective of the frequency of the electromagnetic wave they contain. Since the quantum energy is in the frequency of the electromagnetic wave in a wave burst, the light can be propagated unlimited distances with the quantum energy intact, without which, the evolution of life would not have occurred. The quantum energy is not affected by any gradual path degradation even after the propagation of light for billions of light years since the quantum energy is the frequency; this would have been an impossible task by any other means such as carrying the quantum energy in a particle or photon on a wave. The light is always a wave, and never a particle; there is no wave-particle duality. There is absolutely no need for an unrealistic, artificial quantum light particle, or photon hypothesis. The hypothetical mass-less particles only exist in human imagination; they do not exist in the nature.

Science Discovery•Jan 1, 2015•2 citations

Newton’s Theory of Light and Wave-Particle Duality

Robert J. Buenker

The long history of the dispute among physicists as to whether matter is composed of particles or waves is reviewed. A turning point came at the dawn of the 20th century in the form of the de Broglie momentum-wavelength and Bohr/Planck energy frequency relations. It was on this basis that Schrödinger developed a quantum mechanical differential equation whose solution came to be known as a wave function. The Born Interpretation of these functions holds that their absolute square constitutes a probability distribution which has been used successfully to make predictions of the properties of the system under discussion. It is pointed out that the phenomenon of light refraction played a key role in the development of both Newton’s corpuscular theory of light and the competing theory of Huygens which looks upon light as consisting exclusively of waves. It is shown that Newton’s failure to predict the decrease in the speed of light as it passes from air into water was not because of his belief in the particle composition of light, but rather because he not did anticipate that the mass of a photon changes upon entering a medium of higher index of refraction n. By assuming that the energy E of light is equal pc/n, where p is the momentum of the photons and c is the speed of light in free space, it is shown that the experimental dependence of the speed the light on its wavelength as it passes through a transparent medium is derived successfully through the use of Hamilton’s Canonical Equations and Newton’s Second Law of Kinetics. It is suggested that the relationship between particles and waves can be understood by noting that the localized properties of matter exhibit themselves in experiments such as the photoelectric effect where attention can be concentrated on the behavior of a single particle. The corresponding wave properties occur when large numbers of particles are observed under exactly similar circumstances, as for example in electron diffraction. ...........

East African Scholars Journal of Engineering and Computer Sciences•May 15, 2022•1 citation

A study of the nature of light by comparing real and digital universes

Luping Shi

The nature of light is studied by comparison between the real and digital worlds. Combining the theoretical results obtained from a relative quantum mechanical equation which is suited for a particle with zero rest mass, spin quantum number 1/2 with experiments analysis results, we discuss the possibility that a photon could have structure. A possible photon model with internal structure is proposed and discussed. A photon could consist of a pair particles named particle x+ and antiparticle x-. x+ and x- both have zero rest masses, and spin quantum number 1/2. x+ and x- oscillate in opposite directions but spin in the same direction, which means there is an internal oscillation. The frequency of light is the frequency of the oscillation. The model can be used to explain not only all of the experiment phenomena, but also the wave particle dualism of light. It can provide clear pictures of both polarization and coherency of light. It can also explain that there are two spin states of 1 and -1. The possible experiments that could be used to prove the model are addressed too.

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Sep 10, 2015•0 citations

The Origin of the "Particle Nature" of Light — How a Continuous Transverse Wave Manifests Discrete Behavior when Coupled to Matter

卓冰 蒋

Quantum field theory describes the particle nature of electromagnetic radiation using the "photon," but has never explained why a fundamental particle exhibits such perfect wave behavior. This paper provides a complete alternative explanation: the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and antibunching experiments — landmark experiments considered proof of photon particle nature — require no photon concept. Quantization is not a property of light itself, but of the discrete energy level structure governing how bound electrons emit and absorb energy. Light remains a continuous transverse wave; discreteness results from electrons as "prisoners" in atomic "cages" that can only transition between specific energy steps. Waves propagate continuously and are emitted and absorbed in quantized form — the photon is not a particle, but the name of an energy-exchange event.

•Jun 18, 2026•0 citations

Light is a Wave and the Path is Material: A New Vision of the Nature of Light and its Propagation

Ammar Mansour

In an intellectual endeavor that revisits early explanatory models, this article presents a fresh perspective that restores consideration to the pure wave nature of light. The study posits that what is often interpreted as the particle-like properties of light is, in reality, a reflection of the light wave's interaction with its material propagation medium, conceived as consisting of 'primordial particles'. The researcher discusses two principal mechanisms—'Photonic Synergy' and 'Photonic Collapse'—to explain the continuity and cessation of light propagation, presenting a comprehensive model that challenges certain contemporary assumptions regarding the speed and nature of light. This renewed reading opens the door to re-examining the conceptual foundations of light physics, while maintaining the spirit of rigorous scientific discourse.

•Nov 12, 2025•0 citations
Neither the pure wave theory nor the pure particle theory can explain the nature of light. Light must be both a particle and a wave. It is a wave because it exhibits interference effects. At the same time, the fact that the photographs contain discrete dots is a direct demonstration that light refuses to be split into units of less than a single photon. We found a general equations that solved all the problems in the current theories for the photon and explained the nature of light by suggesting new hypotheses. According to our results, the photon is a particle which has mass and associated with a wave. The results of the research proved that the refractive index of materials varies with the natural mass of the photon.
The objective of the work is to reveal the Association of special theory of relativity with De-Broglie wavelength of a particle. It shows that wave nature of a particle is always associated with it’s relativistic properties. The phenomena of interference, diffraction and polarization of light can only be explained on the basis of wave theory of light. These phenomena show that light possesses wave nature. However, certain phenomena like photoelectric effect, Compton effect and discrete emission and absorption of radiation can only be explained on the basis of quantum theory. According to this theory , light propagates in a small packets or quanta and behave like corpuscles or particle. This shows that light possesses particle nature. thus, we can say that light possesses dual nature. The matter also possesses the same dual nature. In order to have wave nature, the particle must satisfy the equation Where m denotes the mass of particle when it is moving with certain velocity. h=6.62×10-34 is the plank’s constant. C is the velocity of light in free space. This shows that wavelength of a material Particle depends on mass. When mathematical operation is done on above equation, it give complete quantitative properties about the wave nature of a particle.
Though it has been widely viewed that the light consists of quantum particles known as photons, the light is not made of quantum particles or photons, and the light is always a wave. What is quantized in the light is the frequency. The electromagnetic frequency is always quantized due to the quantized nature of the electromagnetic energy; the quantum energy results in quantum frequency. The light is made up of many discrete electromagnetic wave bursts of constant durations; each burst consists of an electromagnetic wave of a single frequency determined by an integer multiple of the indivisible quantum energy units. The quantum energy and frequency are synonymous; they are one and the same. The duration of a wave burst is a universal constant, and it is the same for all the wave bursts irrespective of the frequency of the electromagnetic wave they contain. Since the quantum energy is in the frequency of the electromagnetic wave in a wave burst, the light can be propagated unlimited distances with the quantum energy intact, without which, the evolution of life would not have occurred. The quantum energy is not affected by any gradual path degradation even after the propagation of light for billions of light years since the quantum energy is the frequency; this would have been an impossible task by any other means such as carrying the quantum energy in a particle or photon on a wave. The light is always a wave, and never a particle; there is no wave-particle duality. There is absolutely no need for an unrealistic, artificial quantum light particle, or photon hypothesis. The hypothetical mass-less particles only exist in human imagination; they do not exist in the nature.
The long history of the dispute among physicists as to whether matter is composed of particles or waves is reviewed. A turning point came at the dawn of the 20th century in the form of the de Broglie momentum-wavelength and Bohr/Planck energy frequency relations. It was on this basis that Schrödinger developed a quantum mechanical differential equation whose solution came to be known as a wave function. The Born Interpretation of these functions holds that their absolute square constitutes a probability distribution which has been used successfully to make predictions of the properties of the system under discussion. It is pointed out that the phenomenon of light refraction played a key role in the development of both Newton’s corpuscular theory of light and the competing theory of Huygens which looks upon light as consisting exclusively of waves. It is shown that Newton’s failure to predict the decrease in the speed of light as it passes from air into water was not because of his belief in the particle composition of light, but rather because he not did anticipate that the mass of a photon changes upon entering a medium of higher index of refraction n. By assuming that the energy E of light is equal pc/n, where p is the momentum of the photons and c is the speed of light in free space, it is shown that the experimental dependence of the speed the light on its wavelength as it passes through a transparent medium is derived successfully through the use of Hamilton’s Canonical Equations and Newton’s Second Law of Kinetics. It is suggested that the relationship between particles and waves can be understood by noting that the localized properties of matter exhibit themselves in experiments such as the photoelectric effect where attention can be concentrated on the behavior of a single particle. The corresponding wave properties occur when large numbers of particles are observed under exactly similar circumstances, as for example in electron diffraction. ...........
The nature of light is studied by comparison between the real and digital worlds. Combining the theoretical results obtained from a relative quantum mechanical equation which is suited for a particle with zero rest mass, spin quantum number 1/2 with experiments analysis results, we discuss the possibility that a photon could have structure. A possible photon model with internal structure is proposed and discussed. A photon could consist of a pair particles named particle x+ and antiparticle x-. x+ and x- both have zero rest masses, and spin quantum number 1/2. x+ and x- oscillate in opposite directions but spin in the same direction, which means there is an internal oscillation. The frequency of light is the frequency of the oscillation. The model can be used to explain not only all of the experiment phenomena, but also the wave particle dualism of light. It can provide clear pictures of both polarization and coherency of light. It can also explain that there are two spin states of 1 and -1. The possible experiments that could be used to prove the model are addressed too.
Quantum field theory describes the particle nature of electromagnetic radiation using the "photon," but has never explained why a fundamental particle exhibits such perfect wave behavior. This paper provides a complete alternative explanation: the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and antibunching experiments — landmark experiments considered proof of photon particle nature — require no photon concept. Quantization is not a property of light itself, but of the discrete energy level structure governing how bound electrons emit and absorb energy. Light remains a continuous transverse wave; discreteness results from electrons as "prisoners" in atomic "cages" that can only transition between specific energy steps. Waves propagate continuously and are emitted and absorbed in quantized form — the photon is not a particle, but the name of an energy-exchange event.
In an intellectual endeavor that revisits early explanatory models, this article presents a fresh perspective that restores consideration to the pure wave nature of light. The study posits that what is often interpreted as the particle-like properties of light is, in reality, a reflection of the light wave's interaction with its material propagation medium, conceived as consisting of 'primordial particles'. The researcher discusses two principal mechanisms—'Photonic Synergy' and 'Photonic Collapse'—to explain the continuity and cessation of light propagation, presenting a comprehensive model that challenges certain contemporary assumptions regarding the speed and nature of light. This renewed reading opens the door to re-examining the conceptual foundations of light physics, while maintaining the spirit of rigorous scientific discourse.