The theory is based on a new hypothesis on the nature of matter. This hypothesis is that the elementary particles, atoms, and molecules we have found in nature are not part of the real world, but constitute information about the real world. They are the wave components of a generalized Fourier analysis of our observations (which in the final analysis are always space-time distributions of photon- or particle-counter clicks). This Fourier analysis should be so general that every observation can be expressed in its terms; it thereby becomes axiomatic. Physicists of past generations, with their sound instincts, were intuitively approaching this most general and most powerful possible analysis of our observations. With the discovery of quantum mechanics, this development had advanced so far that the precise formulation of this ultimate analysis could be guessed. The model which can guide us to this mathematical formulation is that of an ideal optical observation on a physical object. This observation is made by illuminating the object with a finite number of laser beams of known amplitude and phase, and observing the amplitude and phase of the finite number of light beams emerging from the object space. The assumption that this is all the information we can ever obtain about the object leads to a wave function of the object which consists of light waves, extrapolated from the photon detectors back to the object space. It is suggested that these light waves should be presented as a product of amplitudes in a
4n-dimensional space, where
n is the number of light quanta in the signal. Most important, force, or interaction, can then be described as a linear transformation in this space. The actual mathematical formalism proposed on the basis of that model is
Xf=dtitdf.
X is the Hamiltonian of the whole universe with ${n}_{0}\ensuremath{\cong}{10}^{80}$ particles. It is a $4{n}_{0}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4{n}_{0}$ linear matrix operator.
f is a
4n0-component vector wave function representing waves traveling at the speed of light. The coordinates are the homogeneous coordinates (
xj,yj,zj,uj) of the
n0 particles in the closed universe. The eigenvalue $\ensuremath{\omega}$, in $Xf=\ensuremath{\omega}f$, is a $4{n}_{0}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4{n}_{0}$ Hermitian matrix. It can be divided into ${n}_{0}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{n}_{0}$, 4 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 4 submatrices, each representing a complete set of dynamic and inertial quantities of elementary particles, or interaction quanta between particles. $\frac{\mathrm{it}df}{\mathrm{dt}}=\ensuremath{\omega}f$ is therefore a complete expression of the dynamic conservation laws. A special orthogonal transformation ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ transforms the solution into a standard solution with eigenvalue ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$, representing
n0 identical elementary particles. The assumption that the universe is of maximum probability then leads to simple explicit expressions for all matrix elements of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$. This means that the energy levels of all
n-particle systems (atoms or molecules) of the theory can be directly calculated. The equations demand relations between cosmological constants and atomic constants. In a universe of the size and mass of our observed universe, the elementary particle would have to be the size of the proton.
Neither the pure wave theory nor the pure particle theory can explain the nature of light. Light must be both a particle and a wave. It is a wave because it exhibits interference effects. At the same time, the fact that the photographs contain discrete dots is a direct demonstration that light refuses to be split into units of less than a single photon. We found a general equations that solved all the problems in the current theories for the photon and explained the nature of light by suggesting new hypotheses. According to our results, the photon is a particle which has mass and associated with a wave. The results of the research proved that the refractive index of materials varies with the natural mass of the photon.
In this paper we demonstrate duality between matter and light. Through mathematical derivation we show that every fundamental matter particle with non-zero rest mass can be represented by a pair of photons. The photons in the representation are not normal photons but a special kind of continuously generating and annihilating virtual photons, whose wave functions super impose to give the wave function of the non-zero rest mass particle and the representation is in agreement with the spin of the particle. We use this duality to derive De Broglie wavelength. We show that a moving matter wave has two frequency components, one of it is with De-Broglie wavelength h/P and the other one is with wavelength hc/E. We also correct the De-Broglie wavelength for v = 0 where we show that there is only one frequency component for v = 0 with wavelength hc/E. Later in the paper we derive that every photon can be represented by a non-zero rest mass particle pair, one going below the speed of light and the other going above the speed of light.
The enigma of the wave-particle duality of photon has remained unimpressively explained for a century since Einstein presents the concept of the photon in 1905. This article establishes a classical geometric structure model of a single photon based on fleld matter, educes a formula for the size of a photon; assumes that there only are two kinds of photon of right hand and left hand circular polarized, and suggests the frequency ! of photon polarization rotated to be its spin frequency. It ascribes the wavelike of photon to its spin motion and the particle-like to its translation motion. From the point of photon particle instead of wave view to re-analyze Young's double-slit interference and polarizer experiments, gives reasonable mechanism. It deflnes the phase velocity and the group velocity of a photon. It gives a unifled and consistent understanding of quantum particle of light and classical electromagnetic waves fleld. Evidently, such a precisely deflned conceptual model is reasonable, objective and easy to accept for classical physicists. The puzzle (1) of the wave-particle duality of light has remained unsatisfactorily explained nearly a century since Albert Einstein flrst proposed the photon, the quantum unit of light ‡ E=~!; ~=~ ~ ·
Light has wave-particle duality,but it is difficult to see these two properties in a particular optical phenomenon.Both properties of light can be a perfect unity,if we could explain the wave nature through the particle property.Base on the Mathematical modeling of Gong Zutong photon model and the forward electromagnetic photon model,we compared the MATLAB simulation results with the experimental results.Then we find both models are shortcomings,and propose an improved photon model.With this improved model,we explain the optical interference,diffraction and polarization phenomena which show the wave nature of light.
Following the spirit of de Broglie and Einstein, we think the concepts of matter and radiation can be unified. We know a particle propagates like a wave; its motion is described by certain wave equations. At this point, it is not clear what the wave function represents. Besides the statistical meaning suggested by the Copenhagen interpretation, does the wave function represent any physical motion? For photon, we know it is an electro-magnetic wave. But what about particles with rest mass, such as an electron? To investigate the physical nature of matter wave, we propose that: (1) Like the photon, a particle is an excitation wave of a real physical field. (2) Different types of particles are different excitation modes of the same field. Based on this thinking, we show that the concept of quantum mechanics can be a natural extension of classical mechanics. By critically analyzing the transition from classical physics to quantum physics, we found a new physical meaning for the quantum wave function. This work suggests that various quantum wave equations, including the Klein-Gordon equation, the Dirac equation and the Schrodinger equation, could have a common base relating to the Basic Wave Equation of the matter wave. This work has some interesting implications. It suggests a possible way to explain the origin of visible matters and dark matters in our universe.