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Superhigh-Resolution Spectroscopy

U Ssr

Published Jan 1, 1981• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

1. Introduetion For a long time aresolution of the optical met h ods was worse compared to that of the methods u s ed in the other wave length ranges. The last years saw a c ons i d er able progre s s in optical spectros copy in improving aresolution. This i s du e to tho development of new physical co nc epts und erlying the a t tai n­ ment of nonlinear s uper na r r ow optical r e sonanc es wi t h no Doppler broad ening. At present thre e methods are u sed to obtain narrow optical resonances: the mothod of s a t ur a t ed ab sorption, two-photon resonances in a standing-wavo field, and r esonances in s epar­ ated optical fields. The three methods involve the elimination of the influence of Doppl er broadening , so the narrowness of resonances is mostly determined by the time of coherent part­ icles-field interaction. The first t wo methods are weI l knovm and developed (see /1/). Just these methods h ave permitted receiving the principal results on obtaining and using super­ narrow resonances. The saturation resonances with a relative width of < 10- 11 have been obtained by using telescopic beam expanders to increase the time of particles-field interaction. The development of the third method has been started in 1976 (see / 2/). This method has showed interesting potentialities. The use of forbidden transitions and tunable lasers will permit to obtain resonanceswith a relative width of < 10- 13• Narrow resonances enabled one to observe in optics some phenomena that could not be earlier studied. Some results in this field received in the Institut e of Thermophysics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences are discussed in this r epor t .

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FOREWORD by N. Bloembergen NONLINEAR OPTICS Channeling of atoms in a standing laser light wave by V.I. Balykin et al. Optical nonlinearities and the Kerr effect in phaseonium by U. Rathe et al. Spectroscopic studies in the far ultraviolet (80-200nm) using nonlinear tunable sources by B.P. Stoicheff CARS in plasma physics by M. Lefebvre et al. Velocity distribution of electrons for tunnel ionization by a light field with polar asymmetry by N.B. Baranova and B. Ya Zel'dovich NONLINEAR OPTICS IN CONDENSED MEDIA Hot carriers in semiconductors studied via picosecond optical nonlinearities in the infrared by T. Elsasser and W. Kaiser Non-local time-resolved spectroscopy-tracking of polariton pulses in crystals by Ch Flytzanis et al. Self trapping of optical beams in photorefractive media by M. Segev et al. Solitons in quantum nonlinear optics by R.Y. Chiao et al. Femtosecond dynamics of third-order nonlinearities in polythiophenes by A Cybo-Ottone et al. NEW DEVICES AND TECHNOLOGY Nonlinear generation of sub-psec pulses of THz electromagnetic radiation by optoelectronics-applications to time-domain spectroscopy by D. Grischkowsky Novel nonlinear optical techniques for studying chiral molecules of biological importance by N.I. Koroteev Coupled nonlinear cavities: new avenues to ultrashort pulses by F. Mitschke et al. Transverse rotating waves in nonlinear optical systems with spatial and temporal delay by N.G. Iroshnikov and M.A. Vorontsov The effect of intraspectral harmonics correlation of broad-band fields on the excitation of quantum resonance systems by A.M. Bonch-Bruevich and S.B. Przhibelskii Injection-locked femtosecond parametric oscillators in LBO crystals by V.M. Gordienko et al. INDEX

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  1. Introduetion For a long time aresolution of the optical met h ods was worse compared to that of the methods u s ed in the other wave length ranges. The last years saw a c ons i d er able progre s s in optical spectros copy in improving aresolution. This i s du e to tho development of new physical co nc epts und erlying the a t tai n­ ment of nonlinear s uper na r r ow optical r e sonanc es wi t h no Doppler broad ening. At present thre e methods are u sed to obtain narrow optical resonances: the mothod of s a t ur a t ed ab sorption, two-photon resonances in a standing-wavo field, and r esonances in s epar­ ated optical fields. The three methods involve the elimination of the influence of Doppl er broadening , so the narrowness of resonances is mostly determined by the time of coherent part­ icles-field interaction. The first t wo methods are weI l knovm and developed (see /1/). Just these methods h ave permitted receiving the principal results on obtaining and using super­ narrow resonances. The saturation resonances with a relative width of < 10- 11 have been obtained by using telescopic beam expanders to increase the time of particles-field interaction. The development of the third method has been started in 1976 (see / 2/). This method has showed interesting potentialities. The use of forbidden transitions and tunable lasers will permit to obtain resonanceswith a relative width of < 10- 13• Narrow resonances enabled one to observe in optics some phenomena that could not be earlier studied. Some results in this field received in the Institut e of Thermophysics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences are discussed in this r epor t .
Three methods are of great importance for super-high resolution spectroscopy and in obtaining supernarrow resonances. These are as follows: the method of saturated absorption, two-photon spectroscopy, and the method of separated optical fields. The first two methods are well known and developed. Recent progress in developing these methods has been discussed in [1]. The narrowest resonances and high resolution were obtained by the method of saturated absorption. It is based on the use of a Lamb dip [2] in an absorption line. The use of absorption saturation resonances has been begun in 1967 with investigations of He-Ne lasers with a Ne absorbent which were independently carried out in Perkin Elmer laboratories [3] and in our institute [4].
The advent of lasers has revolutionized the methods and possibilities of spectroscopy. Their monochromaticity permits the study of extremely narrow spectral features which would not have been resolved using classical techniques. Moreover, their extreme spectral power density, in giving rise to the field of nonlinear optics, which will be studied in Chapter 7, has resulted in the development of new and powerful spectroscopic techniques. These techniques, of which we describe briefly some examples in this complement, have as their basis the fact that an atom does not respond linearly when subjected to a very intense light field. First of all we shall describe the broadening mechanisms that explain the fact that the experimentally measured widths of atomic or molecular resonances are larger than those that would be observed if the atoms were isolated and at rest. We shall introduce in Section 3G.1 the concept of homogeneous width, which can be considered as the intrinsic width of a transition, and inhomogeneous width which concerns the variation of the frequency of a given transition that occurs because of the state of motion of the atom, or because of factors in its environment. We shall explain why it is possible, using nonlinear optical techniques to eliminate the effects of inhomogeneous broadening on recorded spectra, resulting in an improvement over the resolution of conventional techniques. We shall then concentrate more specifically on Doppler broadening , which is the most commonly encountered source of inhomogeneous broadening, describing two nonlinear optical techniques, saturated absorption spectroscopy (in Section 3G.2) and two-photon spectroscopy (in Section 3G.3), which enable it to be overcome.
The Spectral resolution of saturated absorption spectroscopy has been increased from Doppler broadening limited value 106– 106 to 1012. In ref. 1, the evidence of most narrow saturated absorption resonances with absolute halfwidth 50 Hz was given and the possibility to proceed registering resonances with the width Γ ≤ 10 Hz. The new level of resolution requires the developing of the theory of saturated absorption and saturated dispersion spectroscopy that account for broadening factors whose contribution in the shape of broad resonances is negligible.
The review deals with resonance phenomena resulting from saturation of low-pressure-gas absorption lines by a coherent optical field, when the spectral lines are inhomogeneously broadened by the Doppler effect. Principal attention is paid to narrow resonances of width much smaller than the Doppler widths, which are produced upon saturation of the absorption by light waves under various experimental conditions (inside and outside the laser resonator, in traveling and standing waves, in spatially separated waves, etc.), owing to different effects (absorption saturation, mode interaction in the laser). Each of the phenomena is considered from both the theoretical and the experimental points of view. The phenomena considered serve as a basis of a new branch of optical spectroscopy, namely nonlinear laser spectroscopy of ultrahigh resolution.
FOREWORD by N. Bloembergen NONLINEAR OPTICS Channeling of atoms in a standing laser light wave by V.I. Balykin et al. Optical nonlinearities and the Kerr effect in phaseonium by U. Rathe et al. Spectroscopic studies in the far ultraviolet (80-200nm) using nonlinear tunable sources by B.P. Stoicheff CARS in plasma physics by M. Lefebvre et al. Velocity distribution of electrons for tunnel ionization by a light field with polar asymmetry by N.B. Baranova and B. Ya Zel'dovich NONLINEAR OPTICS IN CONDENSED MEDIA Hot carriers in semiconductors studied via picosecond optical nonlinearities in the infrared by T. Elsasser and W. Kaiser Non-local time-resolved spectroscopy-tracking of polariton pulses in crystals by Ch Flytzanis et al. Self trapping of optical beams in photorefractive media by M. Segev et al. Solitons in quantum nonlinear optics by R.Y. Chiao et al. Femtosecond dynamics of third-order nonlinearities in polythiophenes by A Cybo-Ottone et al. NEW DEVICES AND TECHNOLOGY Nonlinear generation of sub-psec pulses of THz electromagnetic radiation by optoelectronics-applications to time-domain spectroscopy by D. Grischkowsky Novel nonlinear optical techniques for studying chiral molecules of biological importance by N.I. Koroteev Coupled nonlinear cavities: new avenues to ultrashort pulses by F. Mitschke et al. Transverse rotating waves in nonlinear optical systems with spatial and temporal delay by N.G. Iroshnikov and M.A. Vorontsov The effect of intraspectral harmonics correlation of broad-band fields on the excitation of quantum resonance systems by A.M. Bonch-Bruevich and S.B. Przhibelskii Injection-locked femtosecond parametric oscillators in LBO crystals by V.M. Gordienko et al. INDEX