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European Journal of Physics

The Kronecker product and some of its physical applications

Francisco Marcelo Fernández

Published Sep 7, 2016• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract In a typical introductory course on quantum mechanics the student has to face two quite different operator products. One of them leads to, for example, commutators and the uncertainty principle, and the other appears when one goes from a one-particle system to a multi-particle one. The latter gives rise to the direct or tensor product of operators and vector spaces, and to the Kronecker product of the matrix representations of the operators. We illustrate the practical utility of the Kronecker product by means of two spin systems commonly discussed in introductory courses on quantum mechanics and also by means of a simple model for the interpretation of the NMR signal produced by two interacting protons.

DOI
10.1088/0143-0807/37/6/065403

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Abstract In a typical introductory course on quantum mechanics the student has to face two quite different operator products. One of them leads to, for example, commutators and the uncertainty principle, and the other appears when one goes from a one-particle system to a multi-particle one. The latter gives rise to the direct or tensor product of operators and vector spaces, and to the Kronecker product of the matrix representations of the operators. We illustrate the practical utility of the Kronecker product by means of two spin systems commonly discussed in introductory courses on quantum mechanics and also by means of a simple model for the interpretation of the NMR signal produced by two interacting protons.
Abstract Tensor products or, more specifically, Kronecker products play a fundamental role in quantum computing and can also help with modeling certain combinatorial problems. In this chapter, we therefore discuss Kronecker products and their properties. To segue into this discussion, we first introduce the important notion of pseudo Boolean functions and look at their relations to multilinear algebra. Given this use case, we can easily understand the role of different kinds of tensor products and investigate algebraic properties especially of Kronecker products.
The study of quantum systems involving two or more qubits necessitates the development of mathematical tools which capture the interactions between the qubits. This leads to the construction of objects called tensors which are elements of a vector space called a tensor product space. This material is essential since tensors are required for defining the means of data representation in quantum computation. The tensor product is the result of combining two vectors in a particular way designed to capture the interaction between the various parts of the individual vectors. The results of finding tensor products reside in a vector space called the tensor product space, the elements of which are called tensors. The formal construction of a tensor product space is somewhat abstract and can be difficult for the student to understand.
The properties of the Kronecker product are revisited in terms of Hubbard operators. The simplest representation of a Hubbard operator X i,j n is a square matrix of size n with an entry equal to 1 and zero elsewhere. This framework simplifies the calculation of the Kronecker product of arbitrary matrices no matter the size or the number of the involved factors. Some applications are presented, these include the algebra of permutation matrices, the Hadamard matrix, the XXX Heisenberg model and the interaction of an atom with radiation fields.