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Fundamental theories of physics

PQ PQ\mathit{PQ}PQ Theory

Gerard ’t Hooft

Published Jan 1, 2016• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

What is badly needed is an elegant mathematical scheme that replaces position and momentum operators $q$ and $p$ by discrete, commuting counterparts, $Q$ and $P$ , in such a way that mappings can be defined between conventional, quantum mechanical systems and deterministic, discrete systems. Here the foundations for such a scheme is suggested. An essential role is played by the Jacobi theta functions.

DOI
10.1007/978-3-319-41285-6_16

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What is badly needed is an elegant mathematical scheme that replaces position and momentum operators qqq and ppp by discrete, commuting counterparts, QQQ and PPP , in such a way that mappings can be defined between conventional, quantum mechanical systems and deterministic, discrete systems. Here the foundations for such a scheme is suggested. An essential role is played by the Jacobi theta functions.
Discrete quantum mechanics is here defined to be a quantum theory of wave functions defined on integers P_i and Q_i, while canonical quantum mechanics is assumed to be based on wave functions on the real numbers, R^n. We study reversible mappings from the position operators q_i and their quantum canonical operators p_i of a canonical theory, onto the discrete, commuting operators Q_i and P_i. In this paper we are particularly interested in harmonic oscillators. In the discrete system, these turn into deterministic models, which is our motivation for this study. We regard the procedure worked out here as a "canonical formalism" for discrete dynamics, and as a stepping stone to handling discrete deterministic systems in a quantum formalism.
Charles Tibedo Phys V33.3 Architecture The Continuum Replacement A multi-disciplinary guide to the V33.3 Framework, Papers, and Deterministic JSON Certificates Executive Summary Since the early 1920's, quantum mechanics has been built upon the foundation of a mathematical continuum—a seamless, infinitely divisible background requiring infinite-dimensional math to describe physical reality. The V33.3 architecture represents a fundamental departure from this paradigm. It formally replaces the continuous probability ontology of standard quantum mechanics with a strictly deterministic, finite-state architecture at every physical layer. The "probabilistic continuum" is demonstrated to be a statistical ghost; the universe operates natively as a finite relational structure. This document serves as an onboarding guide for the V33.3 papers and accompanying JSON verification certificates, tailored for three distinct audiences: theoretical physicists and mathematicians, quantum and systems engineers, and non-experts. I. The Mathematical & Physical Core (For Physicists and Mathematicians) The V33.3 framework achieves the "continuum replacement" by directly mapping the continuous formalisms of standard quantum mechanics into exact, finite algebraic structures. It validates the long-suspected intuition of loop quantum gravity: reality is fundamentally relational and discrete. The Foundational Mappings: The framework systematically replaces infinite-dimensional continuous operators with finite discrete counterparts: State Space: The infinite-dimensional Hilbert space is replaced by a finite-dimensional complex vector space: L^2(\mathbb{R}^3) \longrightarrow \mathbb{C}^{N_L} Kinematics: The continuous differential operator for momentum is replaced by finite Hermitian matrices: -i\hbar\nabla \longrightarrow \text{Finite Matrices} Normalization: The Lebesgue volume integral over all space is replaced by a strict finite sum over discrete physical sites: \int \vert{}\psi(x)\vert{}^2 d^3x \longrightarrow \sum_a \psi_a^\dagger \psi_a Elimination of the Born Probability Ontology: At the foundational level, the theory rejects the standard Born rule interpretation where \vert{}\psi(x)\vert{}^2 represents an infinite probability density. Instead, normalization is defined as a sum of finite spectral realization weights. Quantum evolution is no longer the probabilistic rolling of dice, but the deterministic unitary transport of amplitude between these finite relational channels. II. Hardware, Computation & The JSON Certificates (For CIS, Supercomputing, and Quantum Engineers) For engineers building the next generation of classical supercomputers and quantum processors, the V33.3 framework bridges numerical fluid dynamics (FVM) and quantum Hamiltonian simulation, entirely eliminating the need for continuum-limit approximations. Architectural Implications: No Fourier-Dual Overhead: Because position and momentum commute exactly on native physical channels ([X, P] = 0), quantum algorithms no longer require immense qubit overhead to simulate continuous variables or map fermionic Hamiltonians into infinite Fourier-dual spaces. Direct Hardware Compilation: The arbitrary polygonal mesh gauge-lift theorem proves that any mixed polyhedral partition (triangular, quadrilateral, hexagonal) yields a valid quantum gauge system. Unstructured fluid dynamics and topological lattice simulations can be mapped directly onto the native coupling graph of a quantum processor without Trotterization artifacts. Understanding the JSON Certificates: Alongside the PDF papers, you will find files such as gauge_certificate_v33_3_qm_fixed.json. These are not supplementary datasets; they are deterministic mathematical proofs. They act as cryptographic receipts confirming that the structural divergence of third-order schemes (like QUICK) evaluates to exactly 0.0 on all tested meshes. They verify that local block gauge covariance holds exactly for ranks spanning U(1) through U(8). When reviewing the JSON, engineers can confirm that the matrix geometries assemble with zero structural loss, proving the exactness of the theory prior to any physical deployment. III. The Conceptual Shift (For Non-Experts and General Readers) Quantum mechanics is famously known for being weird, probabilistic, and heavily reliant on the idea that particles exist in a "smear" of probabilities until they are looked at. The V33.3 framework rewrites this story with a simpler, more concrete reality. 1. Pixels Instead of an Endless Canvas (The Continuum Replacement) Imagine trying to draw a perfect, smooth circle. In standard physics, reality is treated like a magical, infinitely zoomable canvas (the "continuum"). The V33.3 framework proves that reality is actually more like a high-resolution digital display. Space and states are made of a vast, but finite, number of exact "pixels" or channels. The math required to explain the universe doesn't need to deal with infinity; it only needs to deal with these exact, finite connections. 2. Train Tracks Instead of the Open Ocean (Deterministic Transport) In the old view, a particle moving through space was treated like a drop of ink spreading infinitely in an ocean—you only knew the probability of where it might end up. In the V33.3 view, reality is built on a very specific network of physical connections (a relational structure). "Quantum evolution" is just the exact, predictable movement of energy along these tracks. 3. No More Rolling Dice (Spectral Realization Weights) Albert Einstein famously said, "God does not play dice with the universe," expressing his distaste for the randomness of standard quantum mechanics. This new framework completely removes the "dice" (what physicists call the Born probability ontology). When a quantum state changes, it isn't making a random choice; it is simply distributing its physical weight across available channels in a strictly determined, logical way. The randomness was an illusion created by using the wrong math to describe a highly precise, finite machine.
Cognitional Mechanics (CM) is a non‑commutative, deterministic computational framework that treats order‑sensitive operator composition as a standalone computational resource, independent of quantum physics, probabilistic interpretation, or measurement theory. While non‑commutativity has historically been monopolized by quantum mechanics, CM restores it to its natural mathematical domain and demonstrates that it can be executed directly on classical hardware. This work presents the first complete operationalization of CM as an executable computational model. It defines semantic states as vectors embedded in an abstract manifold, introduces a minimal set of non‑commutative operators, and formalizes the Logical Leap, a deterministic convergence regulator that replaces probabilistic collapse. The paper provides a reproducible reference implementation in Python and shows how CM maps naturally onto GPU/TPU batch‑parallel execution without requiring quantum simulation or physical quantization. By establishing CM as a practical, hardware‑compatible computational system, this work positions non‑commutative computation as a new domain of computer science. It offers a foundation for deterministic semantic computation, structured exploration, and hybrid symbolic‑algebraic reasoning, and clarifies the structural distinction between CM and quantum mechanics. The framework is intended as a starting point for further theoretical development and engineering‑level applications of non‑commutative computation.