The Projection Principle

George H. Weinberg, Diane L. Rowe

Edward J. Gillis

Bell [Helv. Phys.Act. 48 1975] described an idealized test of the projection postulate in order to illustrate the ambiguities in the experimental predictions of quantum theory. An approach to the implementation of such tests is outlined here, based on the interesting logical relationship between the projection postulate and the no-superluminal-signaling principle. Gisin's theorem [Helv. Phys. Act. 62 1989] shows that the no-signaling principle implies that any description of projection at the elementary level must be nondeterministic. The lack of determinism means that information cannot be instantiated in a reproducible and transmittable form in isolated microsystems. The implied limitation on information allows one to interpret the no-signaling principle in purely physical terms as a prohibition of superluminal information transmission. This prohibition, in turn, imposes tight constraints on the connection between projection and elementary processes, leading to a specific hypothesis about how projection effects originate. The hypothesis serves as the basis for the experimental proposal.

Masaru Morimoto

The classical ergodic hypothesis has served as a foundational assumption in statistical mechanics for more than a century. However, its core claims---that a physical system explores all accessible microstates over long times, and that time averages equal ensemble averages---are incompatible with the behavior of many real systems, including glasses, biological molecules, and complex non-equilibrium systems. Moreover, the classical formulation lacks a mechanism for information loss, observer dependence, and hierarchical coarse-graining. This paper introduces the \emph{New Ergodic Principle} (NEP), a unified projection framework that integrates (i) unitary time evolution from quantum mechanics, (ii) measurement-induced projection and information loss, and (iii) hierarchical projection from the OS-model, which formalizes observer-dependent coarse-graining. NEP replaces the classical ergodic hypothesis with a three-layer projection structure, yielding a generalized ergodic average:\[\langle A \rangle_{\mathrm{NEP}}= \mathrm{Tr}\!\left[\pi_k\!\left(\sum_i P_i U(t)\rho U^\dagger(t) P_i\right) A\right].\]This formulation naturally incorporates non-ergodic systems, clarifies the origin of irreversibility, and provides a mathematically coherent foundation for equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. The NEP framework also suggests a unified mathematical basis for physics grounded in projection theory rather than classical set-theoretic structures.

Edward Teller, Wendy Teller, Wilson Talley

Xuling Lin, Song Yang, BI Si-wen +1 more

Based on the requirements of project assignment, the paper firstly introduces the needs for principle prototype, and its overall technical solutions, assignment analysis and requirement index. Then it elaborates key technical solutions, prototype technical plan, as well as project design and production of its components, besides, we also developed testing device for debugging and testing needs, when the components design is completed, we conducted components alignment and testing, overall testing, obtaining noise squeezing degree （dB）of quantum squeezed field by principle prototype ≥ 6.4 dB, and the resolution higher than 0.2 mm @ 0.5m. We met the index requirements of principle prototype and realized high resolution imaging, providing significant basis for the following relative projects and for the development of new remote sensing technology with high performance.