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Cambridge University Press eBooks

SU(K) and supersymmetric Yangians

Yoshio Kuramoto, Yusuke S. Kato

Published Aug 6, 2009• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We now describe the properties of the SU( >K ) chain in more algebraic terms. The relevant symmetry is the SU( K ) Yangian, which is usually referred to as Y ( sl K ). On the other hand, the Yangian symmetry of the Sutherland model with spin 1/2 is given by Y ( gl 2 ). The difference between Y ( sl K ) and Y ( gl K ) is that the charge degrees of freedom U(1) is absent in Y ( sl K ), while the spin degrees of freedom is included in both Y ( sl K ) and Y ( sl K ). In Section 4.8.3, we have removed the U(1) component by means of the freezing trick, i.e., by taking the infinitely large repulsion parameter. In this chapter we take a more algebraic approach to study Y ( sl K ), which makes the relation between Y ( gl K ) and Y ( sl K ) clearer. In Section 9.1, we begin with the construction of the SU( K ) monodromy matrix as the product form. The commuting property of the Cherednik–Dunkl operators plays a crucial role here. The monodromy matrix is the basic building block of the Yangian algbebra, as discussed in Section 8.2. Because the Hamiltonian of the SU( K ) spin chain and the monodromy matrix commute, each eigenstate of the spin chain constitutes a basis for representations of the SU( K ) Yangian. In Section 9.2 and 9.3, we discuss the quantum determinant by comparing it with the ordinary determinant. It is demonstrated in Section 9.4 that the quantum determinant has a scalar nature that leads to a simple evaluation. Because of the scalar nature, however, the quantum determinant cannot distinguish different SU( K ) Yangian states.

DOI
10.1017/cbo9780511596827.010

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We now describe the properties of the SU( >K ) chain in more algebraic terms. The relevant symmetry is the SU( K ) Yangian, which is usually referred to as Y ( sl K ). On the other hand, the Yangian symmetry of the Sutherland model with spin 1/2 is given by Y ( gl 2 ). The difference between Y ( sl K ) and Y ( gl K ) is that the charge degrees of freedom U(1) is absent in Y ( sl K ), while the spin degrees of freedom is included in both Y ( sl K ) and Y ( sl K ). In Section 4.8.3, we have removed the U(1) component by means of the freezing trick, i.e., by taking the infinitely large repulsion parameter. In this chapter we take a more algebraic approach to study Y ( sl K ), which makes the relation between Y ( gl K ) and Y ( sl K ) clearer. In Section 9.1, we begin with the construction of the SU( K ) monodromy matrix as the product form. The commuting property of the Cherednik–Dunkl operators plays a crucial role here. The monodromy matrix is the basic building block of the Yangian algbebra, as discussed in Section 8.2. Because the Hamiltonian of the SU( K ) spin chain and the monodromy matrix commute, each eigenstate of the spin chain constitutes a basis for representations of the SU( K ) Yangian. In Section 9.2 and 9.3, we discuss the quantum determinant by comparing it with the ordinary determinant. It is demonstrated in Section 9.4 that the quantum determinant has a scalar nature that leads to a simple evaluation. Because of the scalar nature, however, the quantum determinant cannot distinguish different SU( K ) Yangian states.
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The su(1|1) symmetric version of the Haldane-Shastry spin chain is diagonalized by means of a linear transformation. The same transformation applied to the original su(2) model yields simple expressions for the Hamiltonian and the generators of the Yangian symmetry of the model in terms of spin wave operators. Several years ago Haldane and Shastry independently discovered a soluble spin chain with exchange interaction falling off as the inverse square of the distance between the spins [1, 2]. This model can be thought of as the static limit [3] of the Sutherland model with internal degrees of freedom [4, 5, 6]. The idea of putting internal degrees of freedom into the Calogero-Sutherland models has proved to be very fruitful since then. A rich family of related models has been found. These long range interacting systems are under active investigation now. A common algebraic structure underlying their integrability is still waiting for its discovery. In this letter we discuss a linear transformation, that turns the su(m|n) supersymmetric extension of the original Haldane-Shastry Hamiltonian into a more compact form,
In this chapter we will reveal another piece of the algebraic structure of the Hubbard model. As was first observed by Uglov and Korepin [462], the Hubbard Hamiltonian on the infinite line is invariant under the action of the direct sum of two so-called Yangian quantum groups, extending the rotational and the η-pairing su(2) symmetries we encountered earlier. Following [172] we shall address the issue in a more general context. We present two pairs of fermionic representations of the Y(su(2)) Yangian quantum group which commute with the trigonometric [162] and hyperbolic [40, 41] versions of a Hubbard Hamiltonian with non-nearest-neighbour hopping. In both cases the two representations are also mutually commuting, hence can be combined into a representation of Y(su(2))⊕Y(su(2)). The generators of the Yangian symmetry of the ordinary Hubbard model (with nearest-neighbour hopping) and of a number of other interesting models like the Haldane-Shastry spin-chain [194, 394] are obtained as special cases of our general result. Introduction Quantum groups were introduced by Drinfeld [107, 109]. His original intention was to put what we called the Yang-Baxter algebra into the mathematically more conventional context of Hopf algebras. The Yangians are special quantum groups. Their representation theory [80, 81] is intimately related to the classification of integrable quantum systems with rational R -matrices.
A one-dimensional electron has both spin and charge degrees of freedom. In the limit of strong on-site repulsion, double occupation of a site can be neglected since it has a large energy cost. If the number N e of electrons is less than the number N of lattice sites, vacant sites appear and the system acquires both spin and charge degrees of freedom. The simplest model to incorporate these degrees of freedom is called the t – J model, which is discussed in this chapter. We begin by reviewing the SU(2,1) supersymmetry (SUSY) as an extension of the SU(2) symmetry in the spin chain. With the supersymmetry, the hopping and exchange in the t – J model can be treated in a unified way as the graded permutation. Then the ground state of the SUSY t – J model is derived in Section 6.2 by the coordinate representation of wave functions by using the fully polarized state as the reference. The static structure factor at zero temperature is completely determined by the wave function at the ground state. The spin and charge components are derived using the determinant and its generalizations in Section 6.3. In Section 6.4, we proceed to derive the spectrum of the SUSY t – J model. The elementary excitations consist of spinons, holons, and their antiparticles. It is proved in Section 6.5 that these excitations span the complete set. The argument relies on a generalization of Young diagrams, which are called ribbon diagrams. At the same time, the degeneracy of energy levels beyond the global SU(2) symmetry is ascribed to the presence of a Yangian supersymmetry Y ( sl 2|1 ).
In this chapter, we give an example of how the Yangian theory works in practice in the calculation of physical quantities. Using the Yangian representation theory, calculation of the dynamical correlation function of the Sutherland model with gl K symmetry can be performed in the same way as (a modified version of) the single-component Sutherland model [189]. Namely, Uglov [189] showed that the spin and the spatial momentum can be unified as a fictitious momentum. This spin–momentum unification is particularly powerful for exact derivation of spin correlation functions [189, 197]. Further development for the SU( K ) chain has also been achieved [198, 199]. Uglov's theory is outlined in this chapter. In Section 10.1 we introduce as a prelude the symmetric Macdonald polynomials, which include the symmetric Jack polynomials as a special case. Then in Section 10.2, Uglov symmetric polynomials are introduced as another limit of symmetric Macdonald polynomials. We explain in Section 10.3 an isomorphism between the Fock space of the Sutherland model with SU(2) internal symmetry and the space of Laurent symmetric polynomials. The isomorphism by which the Yangian Gelfand–Zetlin basis is mapped onto the Uglov polynomials preserves the inner product. By this isomorphism, density and spin-density operators in the U(2) model find their correspondence in the single-component model. In this way, the calculations of dynamical density and spin-density correlation functions in the U(2) Sutherland model reduce to those of a modified version of the single-component Sutherland model. Macdonald symmetric polynomials We have seen in Section 2.5 that the Jack symmetric polynomials can be defined as the homogeneous symmetric polynomials of z = ( z 1 , …, z N ) satisfying conditions of triangularity (2.177) and orthogonality (2.196).
We study the trigonometric quantum spin-Calogero–Sutherland model, and the Haldane–Shastry spin chain as a special case, using a Bethe-Ansatz analysis. We harness the model’s Yangian symmetry to import the standard tools of integrability for Heisenberg spin chains into the world of integrable long-range models with spins. From the transfer matrix with a diagonal twist we construct Heisenberg-style symmetries (Bethe algebra) that refine the usual hierarchy of commuting Hamiltonians (quantum determinant) of the spin-Calogero–Sutherland model. We compute the first few of these new conserved charges explicitly, and diagonalise them by Bethe Ansatz inside each irreducible Yangian representation. This yields a new eigenbasis for the spin-Calogero–Sutherland model that generalises the Yangian Gelfand–Tsetlin basis of Takemura–Uglov. The Bethe-Ansatz analysis involves non-generic values of the inhomogeneities. Our review of the inhomogeneous Heisenberg XXX chain, with special attention to how the Bethe Ansatz works in the presence of fusion, may be of independent interest.