Quantum Properties of Atoms and Particles

Vladimir Pavlovoch Torchigin

Wave-corpuscle duality is a property of nature whereby microscopic material objects can exhibit the properties of classical waves under certain conditions and the properties of classical particles under others. This property is typically demonstrated by observing interference as particles penetrate a barrier consisting of two slits. Below, we consider how the wave properties of a corpuscle in the form of an atom can influence a nearby identical atom, which exhibits the same wave properties. Atoms arranged in this manner represent coupled, identical oscillators, between which energy can be transferred to the maximum extent possible from one oscillator to the other. As a result, a nuclear reaction is possible, in which some nucleons from the nucleus of one atom are transferred to the nucleus of another atom. A list of all such reactions between all naturally occurring nuclides is provided, and it is shown that such reactions are responsible for the difference in the elemental composition of the Earth's crust from the elemental composition of the interstellar matter from which the Earth's crust formed. This confirms the presence of wave properties in atoms, leading to nuclear reactions between identical atoms.

Luca Salasnich, Francesco Lorenzi

Luca Salasnich

Steven French, Michael L. G. Redhead

This paper is concerned with the question of whether atomic particles of the same species, i. e. with the same intrinsic state-independent properties of mass, spin, electric charge, etc, violate the Leibnizian Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles, in the sense that, while there is more than one of them, their state-dependent properties may also all be the same. The answer depends on what exactly the state-dependent properties of atomic particles are taken to be. On the plausible interpretation that these should comprise all monadic and relational properties that can be expressed in terms of physical magnitudes associated with self-adjoint operators that can be defined for the individual particles, then the weakest form of the Principle is shown to be violated for bosons, fermions and higher-order paraparticles, treated in first quantization

Kurudzirayi Robson Musikavanhu

Hypothesis: Nanophase particles exhibit quantum behavior by virtue of their small size, being particles of gamma to x-ray wavelength [atomic range]. Such particles exhibit high frequencies, high energy/photon, high penetration power, high ionization power [atomic behavior] and are stable at low energy levels as opposed to bulk phase matter [macro particles] which exhibits higher wavelength [radio wave end] properties, hence lower frequency, lower energy/photon, lower penetration power, lower ionizing power and are less stable at low temperatures. The ‘unique’ behavioral motion of Nano systems will remain a mystery as long as quantum theory remains a mystery, and for pharmacology, pharmacovigilance profiling of Nano systems becomes virtually impossible. Quantum theory is the 4 – 3 – 5 electromagnetic law of life and life motion systems on planet earth. Results: Electromagnetic [wave-particle] properties of all particulate matter changes as mass [bulkiness] changes from one phase to the next[Nano phase to micro phase to milliphase to meter phase to kilometer phase etc.] and the subsequent electromagnetic effect of one phase particle on bulk matter [different phase] changes from one phase to another. Discussion: All matter exhibits electromagnetic properties [wave particle duality] and the lower the wavelength [and bulkiness] the higher the gamma ray end properties and the higher the wavelength [and bulkiness], the more the radio-wave end properties. Recommendation: Quantum age is overdue. Hypothesis: Nanophase particles exhibit quantum behavior by virtue of their small size, being particles of gamma to x-ray wavelength [atomic range]. Such particles exhibit high frequencies, high energy/photon, high penetration power, high ionization power [atomic behavior] and are stable at low energy levels as opposed to bulk phase matter [macro particles] which exhibits higher wavelength [radio wave end] properties, hence lower frequency, lower energy/photon, lower penetration power, lower ionizing power and are less stable at low temperatures. The ‘unique’ behavioral motion of Nano systems will remain a mystery as long as quantum theory remains a mystery, and for pharmacology, pharmacovigilance profiling of Nano systems becomes virtually impossible. Quantum theory is the 4 – 3 – 5 electromagnetic law of life and life motion systems on planet earth. Results: Electromagnetic [wave-particle] properties of all particulate matter changes as mass [bulkiness] changes from one phase to the next[Nano phase to micro phase to milliphase to meter phase to kilometer phase etc.] and the subsequent electromagnetic effect of one phase particle on bulk matter [different phase] changes from one phase to another. Discussion: All matter exhibits electromagnetic properties [wave particle duality] and the lower the wavelength [and bulkiness] the higher the gamma ray end properties and the higher the wavelength [and bulkiness], the more the radio-wave end properties. Recommendation: Quantum age is overdue.