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Journal of Modern Optics

20 years of Bose–Einstein condensates: current trends and applications of ultracold quantum gases

Gabriele De Chiara, Niels Kjærgaard, Ludwig Mathey, Patrick Windpassinger

Published Jul 21, 2016• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The year 2015 marked the twentieth anniversary of the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute alkali gases. The two decades following these landmark experiments have demonstrated an imp...
DOI
10.1080/09500340.2016.1201915

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The aim of this introductory article is two-fold. First, we aim to offer a general introduction to the theme of Bose-Einstein condensates, and briefly discuss the evolution of a number of relevant research directions during the last two decades. Second, we introduce and present the articles that appear in this Special Volume of Romanian Reports in Physics celebrating the conclusion of the second decade since the experimental creation of Bose-Einstein condensation in ultracold gases of alkali-metal atoms.
The experimental realization in 1995 of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute atomic gases marked the beginning of a very rapid development in the study of quantum gases. The initial experiments were performed on vapours of rubidium, sodium, and lithium. So far, the atoms 1 H, 7 Li, 23 Na, 39 K, 41 K, 52 Cr, 85 Rb, 87 Rb, 133 Cs, 170 Yb, 174 Yb and 4 He * (the helium atom in an excited state) have been demonstrated to undergo Bose–Einstein condensation. In related developments, atomic Fermi gases have been cooled to well below the degeneracy temperature, and a superfluid state with correlated pairs of fermions has been observed. Also molecules consisting of pairs of fermionic atoms such as 6 Li or 40 K have been observed to undergo Bose–Einstein condensation. Atoms have been put into optical lattices, thereby allowing the study of many-body systems that are realizations of models used in condensed matter physics. Although the gases are very dilute, the atoms can be made to interact strongly, thus providing new challenges for the description of strongly correlated many-body systems. In a period of less than ten years the study of dilute quantum gases has changed from an esoteric topic to an integral part of contemporary physics, with strong ties to molecular, atomic, subatomic and condensed matter physics. The dilute quantum gases differ from ordinary gases, liquids and solids in a number of ways, as we shall now illustrate by giving values of physical quantities.
The rate of progress in the field of ultracold atomic gases over the past decade has been remarkable. Ever since the first Bose–Einstein condensate was produced in rubidium-87 exactly 10 years ago this month, a string of ground-breaking results has flowed from laboratories around the world. Indeed, since the Physics World website started publishing its highlights of the year in 1997, ultracold gases have only failed to make the list once (in 2000). In recent years attention has switched to degenerate Fermi gases,which are shaping up to be just as exciting (see pages 8–9).