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IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics

Lyapunov-Based Feedback Preparation of GHZ Entanglement of $N$ -Qubit Systems

Yanan Liu, Sen Kuang, Shuang Cong

Published Jul 14, 2016• 45 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) entangled states are a typical class of entangled states in multiparticle systems and play an important role in the applications of quantum communication and quantum computation. For a general quantum system of qubits, degenerate measurement operators are often met, which cause the convergence obstacle in the state preparation or stabilization problem. This paper first generalizes the traditional quantum state continuous reduction theory to the case of a degenerate measurement operator and chooses a measurement operator for an arbitrarily given target GHZ entangled state, then presents a state stabilization control strategy based on the Lyapunov method and achieves the feedback preparation of the target GHZ state. In our stabilization strategy, we separate the target GHZ state and all the other GHZ states that often form the equilibrium points of the closed-loop system by dividing the state space into several different regions; and formally design a switching control law between the regions, which contains the control Hamiltonians to be constructed. By analyzing the stability of the closed-loop system in the different regions, we propose a systematic method for constructing the control Hamiltonians and solve the convergence problem caused by the degenerate measurement operator. The global stability of the whole closed-loop stochastic system is strictly proved. Also, we perform some simulation experiments on a three-qubit system and prepare a three-qubit GHZ entangled state. At the same time, the simulation results show the effectiveness of the switching control law and the construction method for the control Hamiltonians proposed in this paper.

DOI
10.1109/tcyb.2016.2584698

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Lyapunov-Based Feedback Preparation of GHZ Entanglement of NNN -Qubit Systems
The Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) entangled states are a typical class of entangled states in multiparticle systems and play an important role in the applications of quantum communication and quantum computation. For a general quantum system of qubits, degenerate measurement operators are often met, which cause the convergence obstacle in the state preparation or stabilization problem. This paper first generalizes the traditional quantum state continuous reduction theory to the case of a degenerate measurement operator and chooses a measurement operator for an arbitrarily given target GHZ entangled state, then presents a state stabilization control strategy based on the Lyapunov method and achieves the feedback preparation of the target GHZ state. In our stabilization strategy, we separate the target GHZ state and all the other GHZ states that often form the equilibrium points of the closed-loop system by dividing the state space into several different regions; and formally design a switching control law between the regions, which contains the control Hamiltonians to be constructed. By analyzing the stability of the closed-loop system in the different regions, we propose a systematic method for constructing the control Hamiltonians and solve the convergence problem caused by the degenerate measurement operator. The global stability of the whole closed-loop stochastic system is strictly proved. Also, we perform some simulation experiments on a three-qubit system and prepare a three-qubit GHZ entangled state. At the same time, the simulation results show the effectiveness of the switching control law and the construction method for the control Hamiltonians proposed in this paper.
For stochastic quantum systems with measurement feedback, this article proposes a rapid switching control scheme based on state space partition and realizes the rapid stabilization of an eigenstate of an observable operator. Meanwhile, we apply the proposed scheme to the preparation of typical entangled states in multiqubit systems. In view of the convergence obstacle caused by the symmetric structure of the state space, especially in the case with degenerate observable operators, we first partition the state space into a subset containing the target state and its complement to distinguish the target state from its antipodal points, and then design the corresponding control laws in these two subsets, respectively, by using different Lyapunov functions. The interaction Hamiltonians are also constructed to drive the system state to the desired subset first, and further to the target state. In particular, the control law designed in the undesired subset guarantees the strictly monotonic descent of the corresponding Lyapunov function, which makes the system trajectory switch between the two subsets at most twice and has the potential to speed up the convergence process. We also prove the stability of the closed-loop system with the proposed switching control law based on the stochastic Lyapunov stability theory. By applying the proposed switching control scheme to a three-qubit system, we achieve the preparation of a GHZ state and a W state.
In this article, we consider stochastic master equations describing the evolution of a multiqubit system interacting with electromagnetic fields undergoing continuous-time measurements. By considering multiplezzz-type (Paulizzzmatrix on different qubits) andxxx-type (Paulixxxmatrix on all qubits) measurements and one control Hamiltonian, we provide general conditions on the feedback controller and the control Hamiltonian ensuring almost sure exponential convergence to a predetermined Greenberger–Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state, which is assumed to be a common eigenstate of the measurement operators. We provide explicit expressions of feedback controllers satisfying such conditions. We also consider the case of onlyzzz-type measurements and multiple control Hamiltonians. We show that local stability in probability holds true, however due to the absence of random displacements generated byxxx-type measurements, the reachability of a neighborhood of a predetermined GHZ state is not clear. In this case, we provide a heuristic discussion on some conditions which may ensure asymptotic convergence toward the target state. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our methodology for a three-qubit system through numerical simulations.
Bell states are the maximally entangled states in two-qubit quantum systems, and play a significant role in quantum computation and quantum communication. Feedback control of stochastic quantum systems usually suffers from time-delay problems caused by the computation time for filter states and the control input. This paper addresses the preparation of Bell states in two-qubit systems with a constant delay time. A Lyapunov method is used to design a switching control law and a constant is introduced to compensate for the computation time of the estimated states and the feedback control input, thereby stabilizing the target Bell state globally. Numerical results show the effectiveness of the proposed control law.
For two-qubit systems with a degenerate measurement operator, this paper presents a control approach to achieve rapid stabilization to a target Bell state. This approach uses two control channels where the control laws associated with these two channels are designed as a constant and a switching control law, respectively. In the control scheme, the system state space is divided into two parts: the set containing the target state, and its complementary set. We design corresponding control laws in these two sets via different Lyapunov functions. In this scheme, the system trajectory switches only one or two times between the two sets and the convergence rate to the target state can be improved. We provide the conditions on the control Hamiltonians to stabilize the target state by analyzing the stability of the closed-loop system.
Rapid stabilization of general stochastic quantum systems is investigated based on the rapid stability of stochastic differential equations. We introduce a Lyapunov–LaSalle-like theorem for a class of nonlinear stochastic systems first, based on which a unified framework of rapidly stabilizing stochastic quantum systems is proposed. According to the proposed unified framework, we design the switching state feedback controls to achieve the rapid stabilization of single-qubit systems, two-qubit systems, and N-qubit systems. From the unified framework, the state space is divided into two state subspaces, and the target state is located in one state subspace, while the other system equilibria are located in the other state subspace. Under the designed state feedback controls, the system state can only transit through the boundary between the two state subspaces no more than two times, and the target state is globally asymptotically stable in probability. In particular, the system state can converge exponentially in (all or part of) the state subspace where the target state is located. Moreover, the effectiveness and rapidity of the designed state feedback controls are shown in numerical simulations by stabilizing GHZ states for a three-qubit system.
We propose a new method for pure-state and subspace preparation in quantum systems, which employs the output of a continuous measurement process and switching dissipative control to improve convergence speed, as well as robustness with respect to the initial conditions. In particular, we prove that the proposed closed-loop strategy makes the desired target globally asymptotically stable both in mean and almost surely, and we show it compares favorably against a time-based and a state-based switching control law, with significant improvements in the case of faulty initialization.