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Nichtlineare optische Eigenschaften von Quantum-Well-Systemen in Micro-Cavities

R. Steib

Published Jan 1, 2006• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this thesis the nonlinear response of a microcavity containing a thin layer of a nonlinear optical medium, a quantum well was studied. Particularly, the pump-probe configuration where the nonlinear optical medium is excited by a pump field and the interaction between the pump field and the medium is detected with a probe field was considered.

DOI
10.18725/oparu-2575

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Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference•Nov 13, 2002•0 citations
In this thesis the nonlinear response of a microcavity containing a thin layer of a nonlinear optical medium, a quantum well was studied. Particularly, the pump-probe configuration where the nonlinear optical medium is excited by a pump field and the interaction between the pump field and the medium is detected with a probe field was considered.
The normal modes in a nonperturbatively coupled quantum-well semiconductor microcavity are linear superpositions of the QW exciton and cavity mode when the QW exciton transition is resonant with the cavity mode. When the lower normal mode is excited by a phase-locked pair of optical pulses, the nonlinear response of a probe pulse tuned to the upper mode is controlled. Thus the normal modes are coupled in their nonlinear optical response due to the nonlinearity of the exciton underlying the two normal modes. The cavity enhancement of the excitonic nonlinearity gives rise to a large signal; modulating the relative phase of the excitation pulses produces a differential reflectivity of up to 10%. Besides the coherent control of normal modes which is explainable with in the frame of semiclassical models, we observe a purely quantum mechanical phenomenon in our system. The quantum correlations between the field and carrier density lead to intraband coherences which live much longer than the interband dephasing time.
Summary form only given. The optical coherent control of quantum mechanical systems enables the direct manipulation of quantum states, and has been demonstrated on excitonic transitions in semiconductors. We have demonstrated the coherent control of the nonlinear optical response of quantum-well excitons in a resonant high-Q microcavity. There are two significant advantages to using excitons in microcavities instead of bare quantum wells: first, the multiple reflections which occur in the cavity strongly enhance the optical nonlinearity, enabling large-signal coherent control, and second, 2-color coherent control may be implemented, where a pump pulse tuned to one of the normal modes of the coupled exciton-microcavity system can control the response of a probe tuned to the other normal mode. The nonlinear response of the normal modes is due to the nonlinearity of the underlying exciton transition.
The nonlinear optical responses of a strongly coupled exciton-photon system in a semiconductor microcavity structure under weak excitation can be explained by a weak exciton-exciton interaction due to the nonideal bosonic (weakly interacting bosons) nature of the excitons. The exciton-exciton interaction leads to an attractive interaction between excitons with opposite spin, and a repulsive interaction between excitons with the same spin and a phase space filling. Earlier, we have reported the ratio of these interaction energies from the polarization-sensitive degenerate four-wave mixing on a strongly coupled GaAs quantum well (QW) microcavity under weak excitation density. In order to quantitatively determine the exciton-exciton polarization interaction energy, we have proposed a pump-probe nonlinear polarization rotation scheme. In the paper, we report the quantitative measurement of the exciton-exciton polarization interaction energy in the above mentioned system under strict weak excitation density using the pump-probe nonlinear polarization rotation (PR) technique. In the technique, the change of polarization state of a weak linearly polarized probe due to the anisotropy induced by a strong, circularly polarized pump is monitored in reflection geometry.
This dissertation presents investigations of fundamental optical nonlinearities in semi-conductor microstructures. Two distinct effects are studied. In the first part the excitonic optical Stark effect in InGaAs and GaAs multiple quantum-well structures is investigated by means of pump-probe spectroscopy. For nonresonant excitation below the excitonic transition the direction of the shift of the resonance depends on the polarization of the pump and probe pulses. In particular, for anti-circular polarization a surprising red-shift is observed. For resonant excitation, induced absorption energetically above and below the exciton transition and bleaching of the resonance is found. Experiments using both resonant and nonresonant excitation reveal the importance of bound and unbound two-exciton states in absorption changes of the 1s heavy-hole exciton resonance. It is found that higher-order Coulomb contributions determine the intensity as well as the time dependence of the differential excitonic absorption. In addition, the influence of light-hole excitons is analyzed. It is shown that the direction of the optical Stark shift for nonresonant excitation depends also sensitively on the heavy-hole to light-hole splitting and the detuning of the pump pulse. For very high pump intensities and nonresonant excitation the absorption is split when a circularly polarized pump and a linearly polarized probe beam are used. For co-circular excitation traces of hyper-Raman gain are observed. In the second part of this dissertation, the nonlinear optical response of semiconductor microcavities in the nonperturbative regime is studied in resonant single-beam transmission and pump-probe experiments. In both types of experiment, a pronounced third transmission peak lying spectrally between the two normal modes is observed. Its dependence on the probe intensity, pump intensity, pump-probe delay, exciton-cavity detuning and pump detuning is investigated. For single-beam transmission, the energy of the third peak parallels the position of the cavity resonance. It is more pronounced for circularly polarized excitation and lasts longer than the two normal modes. For pump-probe experiments, the third peak increases with decreasing probe intensity and increasing pump intensity. Its energy is close to the low-energy side of the pump spectrum and virtually unaffected by the cavity-exciton detuning. The appearance of the third peak requires temporal overlap of pump and probe pulses. The origin of this complex nonlinearity is the quantum nature of light, which induces intraband polarizations in the presence of a coherent driving field and a finite carrier density. It is found that the coupling of the intraband polarizations via guided modes to the polarization of the fundamental longitudinal mode is responsible for the third transmission peak. A fully quantized theory reproduces the experimental observations.
In all preceding chapters, we have tried to separate the effect of the light on the atoms from the reverse effect, the modification of the light by the atomic medium. In most cases this allows an explicit solution of the equations of motion and provides stable stationary states. In recent years, another approach to the interaction between light and matter has appeared, which emphasises strong coupling between the two. It uses the interactions as a tool to study general aspects of nonlinear dynamics. This chapter provides an introduction to this field, without trying to give a complete summary. Overview Resonant vapours as optically nonlinear media Mutual interactions So far, we have considered the effect of the laser on the atomic medium separately from the measurement of microscopic dynamics by the polarisation selective detection of transmitted light. In this approximation, the pump laser drives the atoms without suffering significant attenuation or polarisation changes. Conversely, the probe beam, which monitors the optical properties of the atomic medium, changes the microscopic state of the atoms only infinitesimally. This approach guarantees, e.g., that the response of the medium to the probe beam is linear. As stressed before, this assumption of one-sided interactions is always an approximation, since the conservation of energy and angular momentum make it impossible to change either of the two partial systems without compensating changes in the other part.
Summary form only given. The nonlinear optical response of semiconductor microcavities in the nonperturbative regime has been the subject of many recent experiments. Contrary to clear demonstrations of the quantized nature of the vacuum-field Rabi splitting of a single atom, most of the experiments on semi-conductor microcavities could be explained in terms of a classical light field. Only recently, quantized light field effects have been reported in a coherent control experiment (Lee et al, 1999) and theoretically investigated in secondary emission (Kira et al, 1999). Here, results are presented that display a pronounced third transmission maximum lying energetically between the two normal modes. The third peak can be observed in resonant femtosecond single-beam as well as picosecond pump-probe experiments under various excitation conditions.