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Physical review. E

Linear relaxation in large two-dimensional Ising models

Yue Lin, Fuming Wang

Published Feb 8, 2016• 20 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Critical dynamics in two-dimension Ising lattices up to 2048×2048 is simulated on field-programmable-gate-array- based computing devices. Linear relaxation times are measured from extremely long Monte Carlo simulations. The longest simulation has 7.1×10(16) spin updates, which would take over 37 years to simulate on a general purpose computer. The linear relaxation time of the Ising lattices is found to follow the dynamic scaling law for correlation lengths as long as 2048. The dynamic exponent z of the system is found to be 2.179(12), which is consistent with previous studies of Ising lattices with shorter correlation lengths. It is also found that Monte Carlo simulations of critical dynamics in Ising lattices larger than 512×512 are very sensitive to the statistical correlations between pseudorandom numbers, making it even more difficult to study such large systems.

DOI
10.1103/physreve.93.022113

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Critical dynamics in two-dimension Ising lattices up to 2048×2048 is simulated on field-programmable-gate-array- based computing devices. Linear relaxation times are measured from extremely long Monte Carlo simulations. The longest simulation has 7.1×10(16) spin updates, which would take over 37 years to simulate on a general purpose computer. The linear relaxation time of the Ising lattices is found to follow the dynamic scaling law for correlation lengths as long as 2048. The dynamic exponent z of the system is found to be 2.179(12), which is consistent with previous studies of Ising lattices with shorter correlation lengths. It is also found that Monte Carlo simulations of critical dynamics in Ising lattices larger than 512×512 are very sensitive to the statistical correlations between pseudorandom numbers, making it even more difficult to study such large systems.
The energy relaxation in the two-dimensional Ising model, with temperature greater than Tc{\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}Tc​ and in a spin system having a 5120\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}5120 lattice, is studied using supercomputer-conducted Monte Carlo simulation. The critical exponents of the linear and nonlinear relaxation times of the internal energy are respectively estimated to be ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathit{E}}^{(\mathit{l})}$=2.064\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.026 and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathit{E}}^{(\mathrm{nl})}$=1.132\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.080, being consistent with the Racz scaling law ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathit{E}}^{(\mathit{l})}$-${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathit{E}}^{(\mathrm{nl})}$=1-\ensuremath{\alpha}, where \ensuremath{\alpha} is the critical exponent of the specific heat. Based on the author's previous result in which the critical exponent of the linear relaxation for magnetization was determined as ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathit{M}}^{(\mathit{l})}$=2.076\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005, it is strongly suggested that ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathit{E}}^{(\mathit{l})}$=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathit{M}}^{(\mathit{l})}$.
The relaxation of the two-dimensional Ising model above Tc{T}_{c}Tc​ for lattices with size up to 10 240\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10 240 is studied by the Monte Carlo simulation in vectorized super-spin-coding on the HITAC S-810/20 supercomputer. The present estimation of the dynamic critical exponent z gives z=2.076\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005, which is equal to the critical exponent ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{(l)}$ of the linear relaxation time in a two-dimensional system. Also, the critical exponent, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{(\mathrm{nl})}$ of the nonlinear relaxation time is obtained: ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{(\mathrm{nl})=1.932\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.018}$. These results support the Racz scaling law ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{(l)}$=${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{(\mathrm{nl})+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}$ (\ensuremath{\beta} is the critical exponent of the order parameter).
We study the critical relaxation of the two-dimensional Ising model from a fully ordered configuration by series expansion in time ttt and by Monte Carlo simulation. Both the magnetization (m)(m)(m) and energy series are obtained up to 12th order. An accurate estimate from series analysis for the dynamical critical exponent zzz is difficult but compatible with 2.2. We also use Monte Carlo simulation to determine an effective exponent, ${z}_{\mathrm{eff}}(t)=\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{8}d\mathrm{ln}t/d\mathrm{ln}m$, directly from a ratio of three-spin correlation to mmm. Extrapolation to $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{t}\ensuremath{\infty}$ leads to an estimate $z=2.169\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$.
We present Monte Carlo simulation results for the dynamical critical exponent z of the two- and three-dimensional kinetic Ising model. The z-values were calculated from the magnetization relaxation from an ordered state into the equilibrium state at Tc for very large systems with up to (169984)2 and (3072)3 spins. To our knowledge, these are the largest Ising-systems simulated todate. We also report the successful simulation of very large lattices on a massively parallel MIMD computer with high speedups of approximately 1000 and an efficiency of about 0.93.
Extending the Monte Carlo method to dynamic critical phenomena we investigated the time-dependent correlation functions in the two-dimensional one-spin-flip Ising model and the critical behavior of the associated relaxation times. These relaxation times are the following: ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{\Delta}T}$, characterizing the approach of the order parameter to equilibrium after a change of temperature $\ensuremath{\Delta}T$ of the system; ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}}^{A}$ characterizing the slowing down of the order-parameter correlation and autocorrelation functions, respectively; ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}^{A}$, characterizing the slowing down of the energy correlation and autocorrelation functions; and finally ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}$, characterizing the cross-correlation function. We give estimates for the associated exponents ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{\Delta}T}\ensuremath{\approx}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\approx}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}\ensuremath{\approx}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}\ensuremath{\approx}1.90\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$, and ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}}^{A}\ensuremath{\approx}1.60\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}^{A}\ensuremath{\approx}0.95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}^{A}\ensuremath{\approx}0$, which are consistent with the dynamic scaling hypothesis and with exact inequalities. A detailed comparison with recent high-temperature-expansion estimates is performed, and the reliability of the Monte Carlo results is carefully analyzed.