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Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Vectorized Monte Carlo simulation of large Ising models near the critical point

Masatoshi Mori, Yoshinori Tsuda

Published Apr 1, 1988• 32 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The relaxation of the two-dimensional Ising model above ${T}_{c}$ for lattices with size up to 10 240\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10 240 is studied by the Monte Carlo simulation in vectorized super-spin-coding on the HITAC S-810/20 supercomputer. The present estimation of the dynamic critical exponent z gives z=2.076\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005, which is equal to the critical exponent ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{(l)}$ of the linear relaxation time in a two-dimensional system. Also, the critical exponent, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{(\mathrm{nl})}$ of the nonlinear relaxation time is obtained: ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{(\mathrm{nl})=1.932\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.018}$. These results support the Racz scaling law ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{(l)}$=${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{(\mathrm{nl})+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}$ (\ensuremath{\beta} is the critical exponent of the order parameter).

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.37.5444

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Journal of the Physical Society of Japan•Dec 15, 1987•24 citations
The relaxation of the two-dimensional Ising model above Tc{T}_{c}Tc​ for lattices with size up to 10 240\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10 240 is studied by the Monte Carlo simulation in vectorized super-spin-coding on the HITAC S-810/20 supercomputer. The present estimation of the dynamic critical exponent z gives z=2.076\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005, which is equal to the critical exponent \ensuremathΔ(l){\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{(l)}\ensuremathΔ(l) of the linear relaxation time in a two-dimensional system. Also, the critical exponent, \ensuremathΔ(nl){\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{(\mathrm{nl})}\ensuremathΔ(nl) of the nonlinear relaxation time is obtained: \ensuremathΔ(nl)=1.932\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.018{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{(\mathrm{nl})=1.932\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.018}\ensuremathΔ(nl)=1.932\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.018. These results support the Racz scaling law \ensuremathΔ(l){\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{(l)}\ensuremathΔ(l)=\ensuremathΔ(nl)+\ensuremathβ{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{(\mathrm{nl})+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}\ensuremathΔ(nl)+\ensuremathβ (\ensuremath{\beta} is the critical exponent of the order parameter).
The energy relaxation in the two-dimensional Ising model, with temperature greater than Tc{\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}Tc​ and in a spin system having a 5120\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}5120 lattice, is studied using supercomputer-conducted Monte Carlo simulation. The critical exponents of the linear and nonlinear relaxation times of the internal energy are respectively estimated to be ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathit{E}}^{(\mathit{l})}$=2.064\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.026 and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathit{E}}^{(\mathrm{nl})}$=1.132\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.080, being consistent with the Racz scaling law ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathit{E}}^{(\mathit{l})}$-${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathit{E}}^{(\mathrm{nl})}$=1-\ensuremath{\alpha}, where \ensuremath{\alpha} is the critical exponent of the specific heat. Based on the author's previous result in which the critical exponent of the linear relaxation for magnetization was determined as ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathit{M}}^{(\mathit{l})}$=2.076\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005, it is strongly suggested that ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathit{E}}^{(\mathit{l})}$=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathit{M}}^{(\mathit{l})}$.
Critical dynamics in two-dimension Ising lattices up to 2048×2048 is simulated on field-programmable-gate-array- based computing devices. Linear relaxation times are measured from extremely long Monte Carlo simulations. The longest simulation has 7.1×10(16) spin updates, which would take over 37 years to simulate on a general purpose computer. The linear relaxation time of the Ising lattices is found to follow the dynamic scaling law for correlation lengths as long as 2048. The dynamic exponent z of the system is found to be 2.179(12), which is consistent with previous studies of Ising lattices with shorter correlation lengths. It is also found that Monte Carlo simulations of critical dynamics in Ising lattices larger than 512×512 are very sensitive to the statistical correlations between pseudorandom numbers, making it even more difficult to study such large systems.
We report the results of a Monte Carlo investigation of the (equilibrium) time-displaced correlation functions for the magnetization and energy of a simple cubic Ising model as a function of time, temperature, and lattice size. The simulations were carried out on a CDC CYBER 205 supercomputer employing a high-speed, vectorized multispin coding program and using a total of 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1012{10}^{12}1012 Monte Carlo spin-flip trials. We used L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}L lattices with periodic boundary conditions and L as large as 96. The short-time and long-time behaviors of the correlation functions are analyzed by fits to a sum of exponential decays, and the critical exponent z for the largest relaxation time is extracted using a finite-size-scaling analysis. Our estimate z=2.04\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 resolves an intriguing contradiction in the literature; it satisfies the theoretical lower bound and is in agreement with the prediction obtained by \ensuremath{\epsilon} expansion. We also consider various small systematic errors that typically occur in the analysis of relaxation functions and show how they can lead to spurious results if sufficient care is not exercised.
Extending the Monte Carlo method to dynamic critical phenomena we investigated the time-dependent correlation functions in the two-dimensional one-spin-flip Ising model and the critical behavior of the associated relaxation times. These relaxation times are the following: ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{\Delta}T}$, characterizing the approach of the order parameter to equilibrium after a change of temperature $\ensuremath{\Delta}T$ of the system; ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}}^{A}$ characterizing the slowing down of the order-parameter correlation and autocorrelation functions, respectively; ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}^{A}$, characterizing the slowing down of the energy correlation and autocorrelation functions; and finally ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}$, characterizing the cross-correlation function. We give estimates for the associated exponents ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{\Delta}T}\ensuremath{\approx}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\approx}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}\ensuremath{\approx}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}\ensuremath{\approx}1.90\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$, and ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}}^{A}\ensuremath{\approx}1.60\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}^{A}\ensuremath{\approx}0.95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}^{A}\ensuremath{\approx}0$, which are consistent with the dynamic scaling hypothesis and with exact inequalities. A detailed comparison with recent high-temperature-expansion estimates is performed, and the reliability of the Monte Carlo results is carefully analyzed.
We study the critical relaxation of the two-dimensional Ising model from a fully ordered configuration by series expansion in time ttt and by Monte Carlo simulation. Both the magnetization (m)(m)(m) and energy series are obtained up to 12th order. An accurate estimate from series analysis for the dynamical critical exponent zzz is difficult but compatible with 2.2. We also use Monte Carlo simulation to determine an effective exponent, ${z}_{\mathrm{eff}}(t)=\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{8}d\mathrm{ln}t/d\mathrm{ln}m$, directly from a ratio of three-spin correlation to mmm. Extrapolation to $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{t}\ensuremath{\infty}$ leads to an estimate $z=2.169\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$.