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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Faraday laser using 1.2 km fiber as an extended cavity

Zhiming Tao, Xiaogang Zhang, Duo Pan, Mo Chen, Chuanwen Zhu, Jingbiao Chen

Published May 31, 2016• 21 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We demonstrate a Faraday laser using a 1.2 km fiber as an extended cavity, which provides optical feedback and obtains small free spectrum range (FSR) of 83 kHz, and have succeeded in limiting the laser frequency to a crossover transition 5 2 S 1 / 2 , F = 2 → 5 2 P 3 / 2 , F ′ = 1 , 3 of the natural 87 Rb at 780 nm. The Faraday laser is based on a Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF) with an ultra-narrow bandwidth and the long fiber extended cavity of 1.2 km. The peak transmission assigned to the crossover transition F = 2 → F ′ = 1 , 3 in the FADOF is 20.5% with an ultra-narrow bandwidth of 29.1 MHz. The Allan deviation of the Faraday laser is around 6.0 × 10 − 11 in 0.06 to 1 s sampling time. Laser frequency is always kept in the center of the transmitted peak assigned to F = 2 → F ′ = 1 , 3 . The Faraday laser realized here can provide light exactly resonant with an atomic transition used for atom–photon interaction experiments and is insensitive to diode temperature and injection current fluctuations.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/49/13/13lt01

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IEEE Photonics Technology Letters•May 1, 2023•9 citations
Abstract We demonstrate a Faraday laser using a 1.2 km fiber as an extended cavity, which provides optical feedback and obtains small free spectrum range (FSR) of 83 kHz, and have succeeded in limiting the laser frequency to a crossover transition 5 2 S 1 / 2 , F = 2 → 5 2 P 3 / 2 , F ′ = 1 , 3 of the natural 87 Rb at 780 nm. The Faraday laser is based on a Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF) with an ultra-narrow bandwidth and the long fiber extended cavity of 1.2 km. The peak transmission assigned to the crossover transition F = 2 → F ′ = 1 , 3 in the FADOF is 20.5% with an ultra-narrow bandwidth of 29.1 MHz. The Allan deviation of the Faraday laser is around 6.0 × 10 − 11 in 0.06 to 1 s sampling time. Laser frequency is always kept in the center of the transmitted peak assigned to F = 2 → F ′ = 1 , 3 . The Faraday laser realized here can provide light exactly resonant with an atomic transition used for atom–photon interaction experiments and is insensitive to diode temperature and injection current fluctuations.
We demonstrate an extended cavity Faraday laser system using an antireflection-coated laser diode as the gain medium and the isotope (87)Rb Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF) as the frequency selective device. Using this method, the laser wavelength works stably at the highest transmission peak of the isotope (87)Rb FADOF over the laser diode current from 55 to 140 mA and the temperature from 15°C to 35°C. Neither the current nor the temperature of the laser diode has significant influence on the output frequency. Compared with previous extended cavity laser systems operating at frequencies irrelevant to spectacular atomic transition lines, the laser system realized here provides a stable laser source with the frequency operating on atomic transitions for many practical applications.
The Faraday laser, with Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF) as frequency-selection element, is a natural narrow-bandwidth light source for laser physic experiments. In this work, a dual-frequency (DF) Faraday laser is demonstrated for the first time on Cs D2 line at 852 nm. The frequencies of the two modes of DF Faraday laser hinge on the peak transition frequencies of 852 nm FADOF transmittance spectrum corresponding to the ground state F=4 and F=3. The frequency difference between the two modes is tunable over a range of 1.4 GHz with the temperature of Cs vapor cell inside the FADOF. The linewidth of each laser mode is less than 33 kHz. Furthermore, the most probable linewidth of the beat-note spectra between the two modes is 902.95 Hz at different vapor-cell temperatures. Such a DF Faraday laser has many potential applications in atomic physics, such as sub-Doppler spectroscopy and coherent population trapping atomic clocks.
Summarywe report on the development of a power efficient Faraday laser working at 780nm Rb transition using an atomic vapor Faraday filter as a frequency-selecting element. In the routine linear-cavity of Faraday laser, a partial reflectivity cavity mirror was used as output coupler. In this work, a high-reflection mirror (R>99.98%) replaces the partial reflectivity cavity mirror, the transmitted light of the Faraday optical filter is fully used as feedback beam and for frequency selection, while the light with polarization perpendicular to the transmitted part from the second polarizing beam splitter (PBS2) of Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF) is output. Single frequency laser is obtained at 780 nm Rb transition over a range of laser diode (LD) current from 60 to 140 mA. Such a single-frequency laser will be an excellent optical frequency standard by frequency stabilization technique.
In the development of atomic physics, laser sources with Frequencies corresponding to atomic transition and high stability are essential. The Faraday laser is a special diode laser using the Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF) to realize frequency selection, so the output laser frequency is automatically limited to the atomic Doppler broadening. However, the frequency of a Faraday laser corresponds to the range around only one atomic hyperfine transition. Here, we realize a switchable Faraday laser with two isotopes laser frequencies corresponding to 85Rb 52S1/2 (F=3)→52P3/2 and 87Rb 52S1/2 (F=2)→52P3/2 transitions based on a single isotope 87Rb-FADOF. The laser has good robustness against the fluctuation of diode current and temperature, with wavelength fluctuating within 0.8 pm from 16 to 30 °C of diode temperature, and has a free-running linewidth of 18 kHz. We also lock the laser frequency to the two cycling transitions of 85Rb 52S1/2 (F=3)→52P3/2 (F′=4) and 87Rb 52S1/2 (F=2)→52P3/2 (F′=3) by the modulation transfer spectroscopy technique. The Allan deviation of the residual error signal is 3×10−14/τ, and the frequency stability of the beat detection reaches 2.8×10−12 at 1 s integration time. This 780 nm switchable Faraday laser expands the application scenarios of Faraday lasers, which can be used in laser cooling atoms, optical frequency standards, and other quantum precision measurement fields.
An all-optical locking technique without extra electrical feedback control system for a semiconductor laser has been used in stabilizing the laser frequency to a hyperfine crossover transition of 87Rb 5(2)S(1/2), F = 2 → 5(2)P(3/2), F' = 2, 3 with 1 MHz level accuracy. The optical feedback signal is generated from the narrow-band Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF) with nonlinear saturation effect. The peak transmission of the narrow-band FADOF corresponding to 5(2)S(1/2), F = 2 → 5(2)P(3/2), F' = 2, 3 crossover transition is 18.6 %. The bandwidth is as wide as 38.9 MHz as the laser frequency changes. After locking, the laser frequency fluctuation is reduced to 1.7 MHz. The all-optical laser locking technique can be improved to much higher accuracy with increased external cavity length. The laser we have realized can provide light exactly resonant with atomic transitions used for other atom-light interaction experiments.
Using laser cooling technology, we demonstrate an ultranarrow-bandwidth Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF) which operates on the52S1/25^{2}\text{S}_{1/2}52S1/2​(F=2F = 2F=2) to62P3/26^{2}\text{P}_{3/2}62P3/2​(F′=3F' = 3F′=3) transition at 420 nm based on cold 87Rb atoms. The filter achieves a single 2.7(2) MHz passband at a peak transmission of 3.2%. It is the narrowest bandwidth FADOF known at present, as the influence of Doppler broadening on the bandwidth narrowing of FADOF is effectively overcome by cold atoms. This ultranarrow-bandwidth FADOF has a figure of merit (FOM) value of 11.85 GHz−1, which is seven times larger than the largest FOM achieved by thermal vapor atomic optical filter published to date. Furthermore, the scheme can be extended to almost all kinds of atomic optical filters and may find applications in active Faraday optical frequency standard and self-stabilizing laser.