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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Investigating the positively charged nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond as a long lived quantum memory

Matthias Pfender, Nabeel Aslam, Sina Burk, Helmut Fedder, Philipp Neumann, Patrick Simon, Jose Antonio Garrido, Jörg Wrachtrup

Published Mar 17, 2016• 0 citations
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The ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers is widely used in quantum information transmission, high-precision magnetic field, and temperature sensing due to their advantages of long-lived state and the ability to be pumped by optical cycling. In this study, we investigate the zero-phonon line behavior of the two charge states of NV centers by measuring the photoluminescence of the NV center at 1.6 K-300 K. The results demonstrate a positional redshift, an increase in line width, and a decrease in fluorescence intensity for the ZPL of NV0 and NV- as the temperature increased. In the range of 10 K to 140 K, the peak shift with high concentrations of NV- revealed an anomaly of bandgap reforming. The peak position undergoes a blueshift and then a redshift as temperature increases. Furthermore, the transformation between NV0 and NV- with temperature changes has been obtained in diamonds with different nitrogen concentrations. This study explored the ZPL characteristics of NV centers in various temperatures, and the findings are significant for the development of high-resolution temperature sensing and high-precision magnetic field sensing in ensemble NV centers.

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A quantum-chemical study of the positive charge-state of the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond is presented. Charge control of this promising qubit candidate is a focus of diamond quantum technology research, as currently charge stability relating to surfaces and nearby defects causes some difficulties for quantum applications. To demonstrate full charge control over the nitrogen vacancy, all three charge states should be identified and the processes that lead to charge state changes understood. However, experimental markers for the positive state remain elusive compared to the readily detectable zero-phonon lines of the neutral and negative. In this work we present predicted hyperfine and zero-field splitting tensors as clear signatures of the normally spinless ${\mathrm{NV}}^{+}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}(^{1}\mathrm{A}_{1}$ ground state) by probing a long-lived spin-triplet excited-state $\ensuremath{\sim}0.7$ eV above the ${\mathrm{NV}}^{+}$ ground state. We find a relatively narrow excitation energy range of approximately 0.7--1.1 eV between excitation into an $^{3}\mathrm{E}$ state and conversion into the neutral charge state. To provide insight into the thermal stability of the positive charge state, we have calculated binding and diffusion energies for both charged and uncharged systems. We predict, given that the activation energies are only weakly charge state dependent, all three charge states would diffuse in the 1600--$1900{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\text{C}$ range, but the positive state has a significantly lower binding energy, suggesting that it will dissociate at temperatures around $1000{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\mathrm{C}$ rather than migrate.

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Abstract One ultimate goal of quantum information processing is to construct a quantum network for direct sharing of quantum information between distant parties based on stationary qubits for information storage and flying qubits for information transmission. This requires long‐lived quantum memories, efficient light–matter interface, and deterministic quantum gate operations. Among matter qubits, the electron spin of nitrogen vacancy center in diamond is an appealing option for its long coherence time at room temperature, deterministic microwave control, and optical preparation and readout of the qubit. However, its poor optical properties, including weak zero‐phonon‐line emission and large spectral diffusion, limit its potential for large‐scale deployment in quantum nodes. This has motivated the investigation for alternative quantum emitters that combine long‐time memory and coherent optical properties together. The emerging group‐IV split‐vacancy color centers in diamond, such as silicon‐vacancy, germanium‐vacancy, tin‐vacancy, and lead‐vacancy centers, are promising candidates of this ongoing exploration. These quantum emitters simultaneously possess microsecond spin coherence time and optically bright transitions with narrow linewidths. This review reports recent efforts on extending the spin coherence time of these color centers via temperature, strain, and charge control, which paves the road towards constructing solid‐based matter–photon interface for quantum network applications.

Advanced Quantum Technologies•Oct 15, 2019•57 citations
The ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers is widely used in quantum information transmission, high-precision magnetic field, and temperature sensing due to their advantages of long-lived state and the ability to be pumped by optical cycling. In this study, we investigate the zero-phonon line behavior of the two charge states of NV centers by measuring the photoluminescence of the NV center at 1.6 K-300 K. The results demonstrate a positional redshift, an increase in line width, and a decrease in fluorescence intensity for the ZPL of NV0 and NV- as the temperature increased. In the range of 10 K to 140 K, the peak shift with high concentrations of NV- revealed an anomaly of bandgap reforming. The peak position undergoes a blueshift and then a redshift as temperature increases. Furthermore, the transformation between NV0 and NV- with temperature changes has been obtained in diamonds with different nitrogen concentrations. This study explored the ZPL characteristics of NV centers in various temperatures, and the findings are significant for the development of high-resolution temperature sensing and high-precision magnetic field sensing in ensemble NV centers.
A quantum-chemical study of the positive charge-state of the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond is presented. Charge control of this promising qubit candidate is a focus of diamond quantum technology research, as currently charge stability relating to surfaces and nearby defects causes some difficulties for quantum applications. To demonstrate full charge control over the nitrogen vacancy, all three charge states should be identified and the processes that lead to charge state changes understood. However, experimental markers for the positive state remain elusive compared to the readily detectable zero-phonon lines of the neutral and negative. In this work we present predicted hyperfine and zero-field splitting tensors as clear signatures of the normally spinless NV+(1A1{\mathrm{NV}}^{+}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}(^{1}\mathrm{A}_{1}NV+(1A1​ ground state) by probing a long-lived spin-triplet excited-state $\ensuremath{\sim}0.7$ eV above the NV+{\mathrm{NV}}^{+}NV+ ground state. We find a relatively narrow excitation energy range of approximately 0.7--1.1 eV between excitation into an 3E^{3}\mathrm{E}3E state and conversion into the neutral charge state. To provide insight into the thermal stability of the positive charge state, we have calculated binding and diffusion energies for both charged and uncharged systems. We predict, given that the activation energies are only weakly charge state dependent, all three charge states would diffuse in the 1600--$1900{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\text{C}$ range, but the positive state has a significantly lower binding energy, suggesting that it will dissociate at temperatures around $1000{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\mathrm{C}$ rather than migrate.
Abstract One ultimate goal of quantum information processing is to construct a quantum network for direct sharing of quantum information between distant parties based on stationary qubits for information storage and flying qubits for information transmission. This requires long‐lived quantum memories, efficient light–matter interface, and deterministic quantum gate operations. Among matter qubits, the electron spin of nitrogen vacancy center in diamond is an appealing option for its long coherence time at room temperature, deterministic microwave control, and optical preparation and readout of the qubit. However, its poor optical properties, including weak zero‐phonon‐line emission and large spectral diffusion, limit its potential for large‐scale deployment in quantum nodes. This has motivated the investigation for alternative quantum emitters that combine long‐time memory and coherent optical properties together. The emerging group‐IV split‐vacancy color centers in diamond, such as silicon‐vacancy, germanium‐vacancy, tin‐vacancy, and lead‐vacancy centers, are promising candidates of this ongoing exploration. These quantum emitters simultaneously possess microsecond spin coherence time and optically bright transitions with narrow linewidths. This review reports recent efforts on extending the spin coherence time of these color centers via temperature, strain, and charge control, which paves the road towards constructing solid‐based matter–photon interface for quantum network applications.