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Acta Sinica Quantum Optica

Permanent Electric Dipole Moment of Hydrogen Atom

Weimin Du

Published Jan 1, 2004• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The permanent electric dipole moment (PEDM) of hydrogen atom is calculated in classical mechanics and double-wave mechanics. The result of double-wave mechanics accords with the other result in classical limit. Because one wavefunction only describes an ensemble, the explanation to PEDM of hydrogen atom in orthodox quantum theory is difficult and unnatural. The classical mechanics and double-wave quantum mechanics could definitively describe single particle's action, and the calculations and explanations to PEDM in these two theories are more natural and reasonable.

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Comment on ``Permanent Electric Dipole Moment of an Rb Atom''

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It is stated that the conjecture that the hydrogen-like atoms may have large permanent electric dipole moments is doubtable. Two kinds of experiments are suggested to check the reliability of the conjecture further.

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The permanent electric dipole moment (PEDM) of hydrogen atom is calculated in classical mechanics and double-wave mechanics. The result of double-wave mechanics accords with the other result in classical limit. Because one wavefunction only describes an ensemble, the explanation to PEDM of hydrogen atom in orthodox quantum theory is difficult and unnatural. The classical mechanics and double-wave quantum mechanics could definitively describe single particle's action, and the calculations and explanations to PEDM in these two theories are more natural and reasonable.
The aim of the work is to show that the study of following properties of electrons in atoms: stability of motion, the Pauli exclusion principle; the effect of electrons state (singlet or triplet) in hydrogen atoms on creating from them of the hydrogen molecule, - can be carried out based on concepts of classical mechanics (forces, moments). The contemporary investigation of topic “The Properties of Electrons in Atoms” is based on concepts of quantum mechanics, in particular on notions of electron wave function having probabilistic character. However, it is very difficult to perform the exact description of deterministic processes from the standpoint of probability theory. It has been proven in this work that description of properties of electrons in atom may be performed with using the concept of virtual photons created by the considered electrons. The concept of virtual photons was developed by Nobel Prize winner R. Feynman in 1949; one of the main properties of virtual photons is their ability to interact with each other by electric dipole interaction. The virtual photon is a unique object: except deterministic characteristic-(electric dipole moment) it has one of the attributes of wave function of the quantum object that created the virtual photon: the size of virtual photon equals the wavelength of this quantum object wave function. This is the reason why the description of properties of electrons in atom based on the concept of virtual photon created by atomic electrons is in accordance with some conclusions of quantum mechanical description of those properties.
The linear Stark effect for the first excited state of the hydrogen atom shows that, in the unperturbed states, the atom has a permanent electric dipole moment (EDM) of magnitude 3eao (ao is Bohr radius). The EDM is not induce by the external field but is inherent behavior of the atom. But the calculation of quantum mechanics tells us that unperturbed states of hydrogen atom have no EDM! In the effect, two of four states have no energy shift. What are the EDM of the hydrogen atoms in the two states? Quantum mechanics can not answer the problem. The statement that the EDM of the two states is perpendicular to the field only comes from guesses in quantum mechanics. The two problems had puzzled physicists for more than 80 years. By introducing a new parameter this article gives a satisfactory explanation for the effect. Our calculation discovered that, in the unperturbed states, the atoms not only have EDM with 3eao but also can have only three directions of quantization! It is an entirely unexpected discovery. This research is a vital clue that not all is well with quantum mechanics. We prophesy that hydrogen-like atoms, such as K, Rb and Cs atom etc, may have large EDM of the order of magnitude eao in their ground state (see arXiv:0809.4767, arXiv:0810.0770 and arXiv:0810.2026).