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Acta Optica Sinica

Phase orthogonality in polarization intermodulated excitation (POLINEX) spectroscopy

Guozheng Yan, Z Wang

Published Jan 1, 1983• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

This paper reports the phase orthogonality both theoreitically and experimentally in POLINEX spectroscopy with a modulated polarization and a fixed polarization of two linearly polarized optical beams. It is possible to make the phase of the Doppler-free signal orthogonal to that of the Doppler-broadened background, if the fixed polarizer is properly adjusted.

Related papers

Atomic velocity-changing collisions in polarization intermodulated excitation spectroscopy

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Polarization intermodulated excitation (POLINEX) spectroscopy is a new developing Doppler-free spectroscopic technique which combines the advantages of the polarization spectroscopy and the intermodulated fluorescence speotroscopy. In this technique, a tunable laser beam is circular polarized first and then divided into two parts of nearly same intensities. Two rotating polarizers of different modulated frequencies are used to change the directions of these linear polarized beams periodically with time. When they interact with the atoms, the fluorescence signal are detected via a lock-in amplifier. The POLINEX spectroscopy can effectively eliminate the Doppler-broadened pedestal due to the velocity-changing collisions among atoms as the polarization-modulation is used instead of the amplitude modulation. And that pedestal is a problem in the original saturated spectroscopy and the intermodulated fluorescence spectroscopy. Meanwhile, there is no asymmetry of the line-shape in the polarization spectroscopy, because only the fluorescent or opto-galvanic signal are detected in this new method. In this paper a study of velocity-changing collisions in POLINEX spectroscopy using the rate equation approach is presented. A kernel function is introduced to describe the probability of atom moving out or in the state V (velocity) and m (magnetic quantum number) and the related terms additional to the rate equations. We calculate the total absorption rate and pick out the term concerning the mutual absorption (intermodulated signal). The amplitude of signal is proportional to the difference of the absorption rate when the senses of polarization of two counter-propagating laser beams are same or perpendicular to each other. We obtain the results which show the term related with the Doppler-broadened pedestal being cancelled after the operation of Glebsch-Gordon coefficients. These results coincide with the experiments performed before. Using the density matrix approach we can obtain the same results.

Acta Optica Sinica•Jan 1, 1982•0 citations

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Doppler-free laser spectroscopy using polarization modulation has been carried out in Na D₁ and D₂ lines. The polarization of the pump beam is modulated between identically and orthogonally to a linear or circular polarization of the probe beam. The recorded signals of the hyperfine and crossover resonances are in agreement with a recent theoretical analysis of Nakayama which is based on velocity-selective optical pumping in a four-level system. Some exceptional discrepancy occuring in the D₂ is considered to be due to several relatively close lying resonances.

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Atomic velocity-changing collisions in polarization excitation spectroscopyII

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Polarization intermodulated excitation (POLINEX) spectroscopy is a new nonlinear high resolution speotroscopy. It combines polarization spectroscopy with intermodulated fluorescence speotroscopy. So the POLINEX spectrosoopy has some advantages of them. In author's former paper, we had used the rate equation approach to analyze how the Doppler background caused by atomic collisions was eliminated and how the Loren-tzian line shape was kept. In this paper, we use the semiolassioal theory of Lamb to analyze the POLINEX speotroscopy further more. This method is more reasonable. Considering laser beam's polarization, energy level's degeneracy and collision cross relaxation, by means of the equation of motion of density matrix, we have calculated the polarizability of the atomic system submitted to laser beams I1 and I2 to the third order x(3). Then, from x(3) we have evaluated nonlinear components of the absorption coefficient a. So we can obtain the strength and shape of the intermodulated signal in POLINEX spectroscopy. The conclusion is in conformity with the experimental results. Moreover, it predicts the pressure shift and pressure broadening which can't be predicted by the rate equation approach.

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We investigate the polarization modulation between two linear orthogonal states of the laser beam that synchronously pumps time-dependent atomic alignment in caesium atoms exposed to a static magnetic field. Because of the atomic alignment symmetry two independent groups of resonances can be distinguished in the transmitted light: when modulation frequency matches either the Larmor frequency or its second harmonics, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}$ and $2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}$, respectively. We report on our experiments, and discuss a model that perfectly reproduces the observed spectra. We have observed that the amplitudes and linewidths of resonances at ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}$ and $2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}$ show magnetic-field direction dependence. This peculiar behavior makes our approach interesting for future application to atomic magnetometry, in view of a dead-zone free high-sensitivity magnetometer.

Physical Review A•Jun 18, 2014•15 citations
This paper reports the phase orthogonality both theoreitically and experimentally in POLINEX spectroscopy with a modulated polarization and a fixed polarization of two linearly polarized optical beams.
It is possible to make the phase of the Doppler-free signal orthogonal to that of the Doppler-broadened background, if the fixed polarizer is properly adjusted.
Polarization intermodulated excitation (POLINEX) spectroscopy is a new developing Doppler-free spectroscopic technique which combines the advantages of the polarization spectroscopy and the intermodulated fluorescence speotroscopy. In this technique, a tunable laser beam is circular polarized first and then divided into two parts of nearly same intensities. Two rotating polarizers of different modulated frequencies are used to change the directions of these linear polarized beams periodically with time. When they interact with the atoms, the fluorescence signal are detected via a lock-in amplifier. The POLINEX spectroscopy can effectively eliminate the Doppler-broadened pedestal due to the velocity-changing collisions among atoms as the polarization-modulation is used instead of the amplitude modulation. And that pedestal is a problem in the original saturated spectroscopy and the intermodulated fluorescence spectroscopy. Meanwhile, there is no asymmetry of the line-shape in the polarization spectroscopy, because only the fluorescent or opto-galvanic signal are detected in this new method. In this paper a study of velocity-changing collisions in POLINEX spectroscopy using the rate equation approach is presented. A kernel function is introduced to describe the probability of atom moving out or in the state V (velocity) and m (magnetic quantum number) and the related terms additional to the rate equations. We calculate the total absorption rate and pick out the term concerning the mutual absorption (intermodulated signal). The amplitude of signal is proportional to the difference of the absorption rate when the senses of polarization of two counter-propagating laser beams are same or perpendicular to each other. We obtain the results which show the term related with the Doppler-broadened pedestal being cancelled after the operation of Glebsch-Gordon coefficients. These results coincide with the experiments performed before. Using the density matrix approach we can obtain the same results.
Doppler-free laser spectroscopy using polarization modulation has been carried out in Na D₁ and D₂ lines. The polarization of the pump beam is modulated between identically and orthogonally to a linear or circular polarization of the probe beam. The recorded signals of the hyperfine and crossover resonances are in agreement with a recent theoretical analysis of Nakayama which is based on velocity-selective optical pumping in a four-level system. Some exceptional discrepancy occuring in the D₂ is considered to be due to several relatively close lying resonances.
Polarization intermodulated excitation (POLINEX) spectroscopy is a new nonlinear high resolution speotroscopy. It combines polarization spectroscopy with intermodulated fluorescence speotroscopy. So the POLINEX spectrosoopy has some advantages of them. In author's former paper, we had used the rate equation approach to analyze how the Doppler background caused by atomic collisions was eliminated and how the Loren-tzian line shape was kept. In this paper, we use the semiolassioal theory of Lamb to analyze the POLINEX speotroscopy further more. This method is more reasonable. Considering laser beam's polarization, energy level's degeneracy and collision cross relaxation, by means of the equation of motion of density matrix, we have calculated the polarizability of the atomic system submitted to laser beams I1 and I2 to the third order x(3). Then, from x(3) we have evaluated nonlinear components of the absorption coefficient a. So we can obtain the strength and shape of the intermodulated signal in POLINEX spectroscopy. The conclusion is in conformity with the experimental results. Moreover, it predicts the pressure shift and pressure broadening which can't be predicted by the rate equation approach.
The relative intensities of the Doppler-free signals in the transition from polarized and dispersive signals to absorptive signals of the Na D1 line are calculated theoretically from the approximation of a single cycle of opticalpumping in a four-level system. The transition from polarized signals to saturated signals is made by varying the angle of an analyzer. Since the signal in polarization spectroscopy is mixed with the signal in saturation spectroscopy during the transition, spurious signals due to saturation and polarization effects should be taken into account in the signal analysis of polarization and saturation spectroscopies, respectively. Both theories, of polarization spectroscopy and saturation spectroscopy are unified and applied to the Doppler-free signals of the Na D1 line. The results obtained from the four-level optical pumping theory which mixes polarization spectroscopy with saturation spectroscopy are in good agreement with experimental reports.
Doppler-free spectra of linear and circular dichroisms for the hyperfine structures of Na D1{D}_{1}D1​ and D2{D}_{2}D2​ lines have been obtained by means of polarization-modulated optical pumping spectroscopy. The experimental results are compared with recent theoretical calculations based on velocity-selective optical pumping in a four-level atomic system.
We investigate the polarization modulation between two linear orthogonal states of the laser beam that synchronously pumps time-dependent atomic alignment in caesium atoms exposed to a static magnetic field. Because of the atomic alignment symmetry two independent groups of resonances can be distinguished in the transmitted light: when modulation frequency matches either the Larmor frequency or its second harmonics, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}$ and $2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}$, respectively. We report on our experiments, and discuss a model that perfectly reproduces the observed spectra. We have observed that the amplitudes and linewidths of resonances at ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}$ and $2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}$ show magnetic-field direction dependence. This peculiar behavior makes our approach interesting for future application to atomic magnetometry, in view of a dead-zone free high-sensitivity magnetometer.