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Physical Review A

Polarization-modulated optical pumping spectroscopy of Na D1 and D2 lines

Jom Sool Kim, Hong Jin Kong, Sang Soo Lee, Jung Bog Kim

Published Feb 1, 1989• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Doppler-free spectra of linear and circular dichroisms for the hyperfine structures of Na ${D}_{1}$ and ${D}_{2}$ lines have been obtained by means of polarization-modulated optical pumping spectroscopy. The experimental results are compared with recent theoretical calculations based on velocity-selective optical pumping in a four-level atomic system.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.39.2236

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Doppler-free spectra of linear and circular dichroisms for the hyperfine structures of Na D1{D}_{1}D1​ and D2{D}_{2}D2​ lines have been obtained by means of polarization-modulated optical pumping spectroscopy. The experimental results are compared with recent theoretical calculations based on velocity-selective optical pumping in a four-level atomic system.
Doppler-free laser spectroscopy using polarization modulation has been carried out in Na D₁ and D₂ lines. The polarization of the pump beam is modulated between identically and orthogonally to a linear or circular polarization of the probe beam. The recorded signals of the hyperfine and crossover resonances are in agreement with a recent theoretical analysis of Nakayama which is based on velocity-selective optical pumping in a four-level system. Some exceptional discrepancy occuring in the D₂ is considered to be due to several relatively close lying resonances.
A theoretical analysis of the D1 lines of alklai atoms in Doppler-free polarization spectroscopy, velocity-selective optical-pumping (VSOP) spectroscopy, and saturation spectroscopy is presented that uses the approximation of a single cycle of optical pumping in a four-level system. The similarities and differences among these three kinds of spectroscopy are made clear, and the magnitude and the sign of the resonances in each spectroscopic technique are calculated. The four-level system is as important as a three-level approximation, which has already been described in many papers. We deal with linear and circular optical anisotropies induced in polarization, VSOP, and saturation spectroscopy.
Theoretical analysis of D 1 lines of most stable alkali atoms in velocity selective optical pumping (VSOP) spectroscopy is presented by using the approximation of a single cycle of optical pumping in a four-level system. VSOP spectroscopy is clearly compared with polarization spectroscopy and then it is shown that the results obtained for polarization spectroscopy can be applied to the theory in VSOP spectroscopy. The relative signal intensities of Na D 1 line in polarization spectroscopy have been theoretically calculated and experimentally confirmed to be in good agreement with those in VSOP spectroscopy. The first-order theory in VSOP spectroscopy can be applied to the cases of the D 1 lines of the other alkali atoms. It is expected that the theoretical analysis can be useful for future experiments of the Doppler-free D lines in the alkali atoms.
The relative intensities of the Doppler-free signals of the 85Rb and Cs D2 lines in saturation spectroscopy, velocity-selective optical pumping (VSOP) spectroscopy, and polarization spectroscopy were calculated theoretically, taking into accont the optical pumping process in the Zeeman sublevels and arbitrary polarization combinations for pump and probe beams. Both circular and linear optical anisotropy induced by the pump beam were considered in the theoretical calculation. The magnitude and sign of the Doppler-free resonances in each spectroscopic method were quite different owing to the polarizations of the pump and probe beams. The theoretical results obtained from a single-cycle optical pumping in a four-level approximation were in good agreement with recent experimental reports.
The aim of this paper is to present detailed theory of polarization spectroscopy of Na in the case of a slow relaxation rate of a lower state involved in a resonant transition. An interpretation of the signal in such a polarization spectroscopy is given by combining the theory of birefringence and dichroism with a first-order theory of velocity-selective optical pumping in a four-level system. Because of the high multiplicity of Zeeman levels, the signal is complicated by the occurrence of cross-over resonances in addition to the principal resonances. This interpretation is in good agreement with the experimental results which have been already published about the Na D 1 line.