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The Optimal Information Rate of Quantum-Secret-Sharing Schemes Based on at Most Four Participants

Song Yu

Published Jan 1, 2014• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

The information rate is an important metric of the performance of a quantum-secret-sharing scheme.In this paper,we characterize the quantum access structures by means of the theory of hypergraph.Furthermore,we derive the optimal information rate and the construction of perfect quantum-secret-sharing schemes corresponding to the quantum access structures with at most four players which are given in terms of the relationship between certain access structures and hypergraphs.The exact values for the optimal information rate in 5 of the 13 access structures are computed and the relevant construction of perfect secret sharing schemes is discussed.At the same time,the upper bounds for the information rate of other 8 quantum access structures are computed.

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Facta Universitatis Series Mathematics and Informatics•Nov 21, 2025•0 citations
The information rate is an important metric of the performance of a quantum-secret-sharing scheme.In this paper,we characterize the quantum access structures by means of the theory of hypergraph.Furthermore,we derive the optimal information rate and the construction of perfect quantum-secret-sharing schemes corresponding to the quantum access structures with at most four players which are given in terms of the relationship between certain access structures and hypergraphs.The exact values for the optimal information rate in 5 of the 13 access structures are computed and the relevant construction of perfect secret sharing schemes is discussed.At the same time,the upper bounds for the information rate of other 8 quantum access structures are computed.
This paper investigates the construction of efficient quantum secret sharing schemes for quantum access structures based on hypergraphs with three hyperedges. We prove that hypercycles with three hyperedges are quantum access structures if and only if they can be classified into 12 non-isomorphic types under hypergraph isomorphism, and these hypercyclic quantum access structures encompass all four hyperstars with three hyperedges.In prior work, efficient and perfect quantum secret sharing schemes were constructed for hyperstar access structures with three hyperedges using single photons in d -dimensional quantum systems. These schemes correspond to classical perfect secret sharing schemes with optimal information rates. However, for hypercyclic access structures with three hyperedges, the method described above fails to yield classical perfect secret sharing schemes with optimal information rates. In this work, we explicitly construct classical perfect secret sharing schemes with optimal information rates for these access structures by combining Simmons' geometric method with Shamir's threshold scheme. Subsequently, we employ single photons in d-dimensional quantum systems to build perfect QSS schemes upon these classical constructions.We introduce the concept of idealized information rate for minimal access structures in perfect QSS schemes. By extending the notion of efficiency proposed by Cabello [Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 85, no. 26, p. 5635, 2000] for quantum key distribution protocols to QSS, we define the efficiency of minimally authorized subsets. Furthermore, we establish the relationship between the efficiency of minimally authorized subsets and the idealized information rate of minimal access structures. Finally, we rigorously prove that the QSS schemes constructed in this work achieve the highest efficiency among existing solutions.
An important metric of the performance of a quantum-secret-sharing scheme is its information rate. Beyond the fact that the information rate is upper-bounded by one, very little is known in terms of bounds on the information rate of quantum-secret-sharing schemes. Furthermore, not every scheme can be realized with rate one. In this paper we derive upper bounds for the information rates of quantum-secret-sharing schemes. We show that there exist quantum access structures on nnn players for which the information rate cannot be better than O((log2n)/n)O((\mathrm{log}{}_{2}n)/n)O((log2​n)/n). These results are the quantum analogues of the bounds for classical-secret-sharing schemes proved by Csirmaz.
We study the information rate of secret sharing schemes whose access structure is bipartite. In a bipartite access structure there are two classes of participants and all participants in the same class play an equivalent role in the structure. We characterize completely the bipartite access structures that can be realized by an ideal secret sharing scheme. Both upper and lower bounds on the optimal information rate of bipartite access structures are given. These results are applied to the particular case of weighted threshold access structure with two weights.
A perfect secret-sharing scheme is a method to distribute a secret among a set of participants in such a way that only qualified subsets of participants can recover the secret and the joint share of participants in any unqualified subset is statistically independent of the secret. The collection of all qualified subsets is called the access structure of the perfect secret-sharing scheme. In a graph-based access structure, each vertex of a graph G represents a participant and each edge of G represents a minimal qualified subset. The average information ratio of a perfect secret-sharing scheme realizing the access structure based on G is defined as AR = (Pv2V (G) H(v))/(|V (G)|H(s)), where s is the secret and v is the share of v, both are random variables from and H is the Shannon entropy. The infimum of the average information ratio of all possible perfect secret-sharing schemes realizing a given access structure is called the optimal average information ratio of that access structure. Most known results about the optimal average information ratio give upper bounds or lower bounds on it. In this present structures based on bipartite graphs and determine the exact values of the optimal average information ratio of some infinite classes of them.
In a bipartite secret sharing scheme, the set of participants is divided into two parts, and all participants in each part play an equivalent role. The ideal bipartite access structures were characterized by Padr´o and S´aez, but it is not known which is the optimal information rate of non ideal bipartite access structures. Determining the optimal information rate of general access structures is one of the major problems in secret sharing. We study this open problem restricted to the bipartite access structures, obtaining a new method to compute bounds on the optimal information rate. Namely, by using the connection between secret sharing schemes and polymatroids, we show a linear programming problem that determines, for each access structure, an upper bound on the information rate. Moreover, we show new optimal constructions for certain bipartite access structures.