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arXiv:1007.1232 · Physical Review A

Bounds on the information rate of quantum-secret-sharing schemes

Pradeep Kiran Sarvepalli

Published Apr 21, 2011• 4 citations
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Abstract

An important metric of the performance of a quantum-secret-sharing scheme is its information rate. Beyond the fact that the information rate is upper-bounded by one, very little is known in terms of bounds on the information rate of quantum-secret-sharing schemes. Furthermore, not every scheme can be realized with rate one. In this paper we derive upper bounds for the information rates of quantum-secret-sharing schemes. We show that there exist quantum access structures on $n$ players for which the information rate cannot be better than $O((\mathrm{log}{}_{2}n)/n)$. These results are the quantum analogues of the bounds for classical-secret-sharing schemes proved by Csirmaz.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.83.042324

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An important metric of the performance of a quantum-secret-sharing scheme is its information rate. Beyond the fact that the information rate is upper-bounded by one, very little is known in terms of bounds on the information rate of quantum-secret-sharing schemes. Furthermore, not every scheme can be realized with rate one. In this paper we derive upper bounds for the information rates of quantum-secret-sharing schemes. We show that there exist quantum access structures on nnn players for which the information rate cannot be better than O((log2n)/n)O((\mathrm{log}{}_{2}n)/n)O((log2​n)/n). These results are the quantum analogues of the bounds for classical-secret-sharing schemes proved by Csirmaz.
The information rate is an important metric of the performance of a quantum-secret-sharing scheme.In this paper,we characterize the quantum access structures by means of the theory of hypergraph.Furthermore,we derive the optimal information rate and the construction of perfect quantum-secret-sharing schemes corresponding to the quantum access structures with at most four players which are given in terms of the relationship between certain access structures and hypergraphs.The exact values for the optimal information rate in 5 of the 13 access structures are computed and the relevant construction of perfect secret sharing schemes is discussed.At the same time,the upper bounds for the information rate of other 8 quantum access structures are computed.
Secret sharing schemes are a fundamental cryptographic tool for securely distributing sensitive information among multiple parties according to a specified access structure. For a given access policy, several schemes with different levels of efficiency may exist. One of the main parameters in this analysis is the share size and a central goal is to minimize it. This thesis studies the complexity of secret sharing schemes by focusing on lower and upper bounds on the share size for arbitrary and explicit access structures. The main objective is to collect the most relevant results in the literature, ranging from early lower bounds due to Karnin et al. and Csirmaz and upper-bound of Liu and Vaikuntanathan to recent advances that have significantly improved known bounds. Despite this progress, a significant gap between lower and upper bounds remains, leaving the determination of the optimal share size an open problem.
The known secret-sharing schemes for most access structures are not efficient; even for a one-bit secret the length of the shares in the schemes is 2O(n), wherenis the number of participants in the access structure. It is a long standing open problem to improve these schemes or prove that they cannot be improved. The best known lower bound is by Csirmaz, who proved that there exist access structures withnparticipants such that the size of the share of at least one party isn/logntimes the secret size. Csirmaz's proof uses Shannon information inequalities, which were the only information inequalities known when Csirmaz published his result. On the negative side, Csirmaz proved that by only using Shannon information inequalities one cannot prove a lower bound of ω(n) on the share size. In the last decade, a sequence of non-Shannon information inequalities were discovered. In fact, it was proved that there are infinity many independent information inequalities even in four variables. This raises the hope that these inequalities can help in improving the lower bounds beyondn. However, we show that any information inequality with four or five variables cannot prove a lower bound of ω(n) on the share size. In addition, we show that the same negative result holds for all information inequalities with more than five variables that are known to date.
We study the information rate of secret sharing schemes whose access structure is bipartite. In a bipartite access structure there are two classes of participants and all participants in the same class play an equivalent role in the structure. We characterize completely the bipartite access structures that can be realized by an ideal secret sharing scheme. Both upper and lower bounds on the optimal information rate of bipartite access structures are given. These results are applied to the particular case of weighted threshold access structure with two weights.