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Transducer and Microsystem Technologies

Rb cavity fabrication techniques for atomic clock system

Sheng Liu

Published Jan 1, 2011• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The principle of coherent population trapping(CPT) atomic clock is presented and the methods for fabricating cavity with alkali metal for CPT atomic clock system is described.On the basis of comparison of these methods,a special machine for the atomic clock cavity with alkali metal fabrication is realized.Some cavities with rubidium are made.Test results show that it has good bonding quality,Rb element packaged in the cavity is pure,and it could be used for atomic clocks system.

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The principle of coherent population trapping(CPT) atomic clock is presented and the methods for fabricating cavity with alkali metal for CPT atomic clock system is described.On the basis of comparison of these methods,a special machine for the atomic clock cavity with alkali metal fabrication is realized.Some cavities with rubidium are made.Test results show that it has good bonding quality,Rb element packaged in the cavity is pure,and it could be used for atomic clocks system.
Rubidium atomic frequency standard(RAFS)is being used most popularly,and the miniaturization is the most significant aspect of RAFS.Cavity miniaturizing,circuits digitalizing and special function attaching are the main technical means.Coherent population trap(CPT)is a novel atomic frequency standard which can be built into a chip.Presently,the technique schemes for CPT clock include the traditional programme,adopting micro-electro-mechanical system(MEMS)technique for physical package,and adopting MEMS technique for whole set of device.Following the realization of miniaturization,the atomic frequency standard would face great development.
Nowadays, the portable atomic clocks with small size and low power consumption have attracted much attention. With the development of the coherent population trapping (CPT) and the micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technologies, it is possible to fabricate the miniature atomic clocks with power consumption less than 100mW. Researchers have already made great progress in the miniaturization of VCSELs, RF circuits, and photodiodes, which are the key technologies of the chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC). However, the fabrication of micro alkali atomic vapor cells is still to be improved. In this article, we describe the fabrication of micro Rb atomic vapor cells with inner dimensions of 3 mm length and 3 mm radius using anodic bonding and chemical reaction between BaN6and RbCl. The optical absorption and CPT resonances of the cells were measured slightly above the room temperature. In this condition, the consumption in the temperature control will be very low. Moreover, the long life (more than four years) of the cells makes it possible to use them in CSACs.
An atomic clock system based on coherent population trapping (CPT) resonance in 85 Rb is reported, while most past works about the CPT clock are in 87 Rb. A new modulation method (full-hyperfine-frequency-splitting modulation) is presented to reduce the effect of light shift to improve the frequency stability of the CPT clock in 85 Rb. The experimental results show that the short-term frequency stability of the CPT clock in 85 Rb is in the order of 10 −10 /s and the long-term frequency stability can achieve 1.5 × 10 −11 /80000 s, which performs as well as 87 Rb in CPT resonance. This very good frequency stability performance associated with the low-cost and low-power properties of 85 Rb indicates that an atomic clock based on CPT in 85 Rb should be a promising candidate for making the chip scale atomic clock.
We describe the fabrication of Rubidium (Rb) vapor cells using glass-silicon anodic bonding techniques and chemical reaction between rubidium chloride and barium azide. The pure metallic Rb drops and buffer gases were obtained in the cells with few mm3internal volumes. The optical absorption resonance of85Rb D1 transition with proper broadening and the corresponding coherent population trapping (CPT) resonance, with a signal contrast of 1.5% and linewidth of about 1.7 KHz, have been detected at 90degC.
Based on the operating principle and the comprehensive analysis of the coherent population trapping (CPT) atomic clock system, the paper presents an appropriate physics package and design a small and digital servo circuit system, forming a subminiature adjustable and measurable CPT atomic clock system which uses vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) as optical source, selects85Rb as operating atoms, and is in resonance with the D1transitions. The system can be used for experimental study of correlation of each parameter and study of the Ramsey-CPT atomic clock. The whole system, which adequately combines the advantages of the ordinary desktop CPT experimental system and the chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC), is compact, small, low-power and well-adapted, in line with the further requirements of commercial development.