In the paper it hasbeen proved that the system structure dynamics(SSD)can reproduce the basic results in quantum mechanics and can describe the precise behavior of an Individualsystem.The authors revealed that the Schrodinger's structure field is and elementaryconcept with materiality through the explanations of the fundamental quantum phenomena bySSD, and both concepts which explain Schrodinger's wave function as structure or probability wave respectively,are complementary.
In the paper it hasbeen proved that the system structure dynamics(SSD)can reproduce the basic results in quantum mechanics and can describe the precise behavior of an Individualsystem.The authors revealed that the Schrodinger's structure field is and elementaryconcept with materiality through the explanations of the fundamental quantum phenomena bySSD, and both concepts which explain Schrodinger's wave function as structure or probability wave respectively,are complementary.
Quantum mechanics is a theory to explain and predict the behavior of particles such as electrons, protons, neutrons, atomic nuclei, atoms, and molecules, as well as the photon–the particle associated with electromagnetic radiation or light. From quantum theory we obtain the laws of chemistry as well as explanations for the properties of materials, such as crystals, semiconductors, superconductors, and superfluids. Applications of quantum behavior give us transistors, computer chips, lasers, and masers. The relatively new field of molecular biology, which leads to our better understanding of biological structures and life processes, derives from quantum considerations. Thus, quantum behavior encompasses a large fraction of modern science and technology. Quantum theory was developed during the first half of the twentieth century through the efforts of many scientists. In 1926, E. Schrödinger interjected wave mechanics into the array of ideas, equations, explanations, and theories that were prevalent at the time to explain the growing accumulation of observations of quantum phenomena. His theory introduced the wave function and the differential wave equation that it obeys. Schrödinger's wave mechanics is now the backbone of our current conceptional understanding and our mathematical procedures for the study of quantum phenomena. Our presentation of the basic principles of quantum mechanics is contained in the first three chapters. Chapter 1 begins with a treatment of plane waves and wave packets, which serves as background material for the subsequent discussion of the wave function for a free particle.
Quantum mechanics is the newest science and should therefore be the most precise, but unfortunately, it's quite the opposite. If you don't understand quantum mechanics, ask yourself if I'm right, because others don't either. The field of experimental quantum mechanics is so vast and confusing that its theoretical practitioners will always have to adopt new explanations from their own context to conform to the facts of quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics was created in the early 20th century to establish mathematical and physical laws or rules for subatomic objects subject to an external potential field in order to explain so-called quantum systems. Studying the spatiotemporal evolution of a quantum system, defined as a microscopic subatomic system of low energy density subjected to a potential field, external or internal, is a rather complex subject. However, in 1927, the well-known Schrödinger PDE, valid for infinite free space subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions, was introduced. Schrödinger's PDE must be complemented by the Bohr/Copenhagen interpretation of the wave function Ψ involving the rules of quantum systems of instantaneous entanglement and superposition. We all know that the Schrödinger equation is incomplete because it lives and operates in the incomplete space R^4 and therefore the wave function Ψ is incomplete in itself and cannot be defined as scalar, a vector, nor a tensor. The complex wave function Ψ has never been properly defined. Moreover, the Schrödinger PDE is not Lorentz invariant and is not compatible with the special theory of relativity, and is obviously even less so with the general theory of relativity. However, quantum mechanics has come a long way, both in theory and practice, since 1927, nearly a century ago. This long journey has added even more illogical and confusing properties to the Ψ wave function, such as causality and wave function collapse. Many attempts have been made over the last century to reform the Schrödinger equation, the most notable being to combine it with the general theory of relativity, but all these attempts have been in vain. The breakthrough came in 2020-2024 [2,3,4], when the author of this article claimed to replace the classical Schrödinger equation Ψ with the PDE for its square Ψ^2, which is logical and physical. Ψ^2 is needed to express the quantum energy density flux (U(x,y,z,t) = Ψ^2 (x,y,z,t)) and we therefore propose a new Schrödinger equation for Ψ^2 which should have the form of the energy density diffusion PDE such as that of thermal conduction. Equation 3 should be supplemented by the advanced artificial intelligence proposed by the author [5,6]. Comparing Schrödinger's classical PDE of 1927 with the PDE proposed for Ψ^2 in 2020 shows that we currently have two different or distinct theories of quantum mechanics! Which one is more theoretically true and more practically useful? This is the purpose of this article.
Chapter 3 provides a brief review of a few concepts from classical Newtonian physics, and how this fails to explain phenomena at the nanoscopic scale. As is detailed within, the classical mechanical model is able to describe all observed physical phenomena; however, when it comes to the nanoscale this model breaks down, because the properties of the materials change dramatically. At this scale, the surface-to-volume ratio increases, gravitational forces become negligible and random molecular motion becomes more important. This changes the properties of the material and affects the devices that are fabricated at this scale. It is hence necessary to develop a new model that can explain such physical phenomena. This has led to a new branch of physics, i.e. quantum physics (QP) or quantum mechanics, which is able to explain the behavior observed at nanoscale. QP enables us to explain phenomena such as the photoelectric effect, Compton effect. etc. In this chapter, we introduce quantum mechanics and how it evolved in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Further, light’s behaviour as a particle as well as a wave is described by the photoelectric effect and Young’s double-slit experiment, respectively. Further, the dual nature of the particle is explained using the de Broglie principle. Schrodinger’s equation is then explained, which gives the probability of finding a subatomic-scale particle at a certain position in a quantum well. In addition to the formulation of Schrodinger’s equation, its solution, the concept of a potential well, the characteristics of the wave function and its interpretation and significance, and, finally, the application of Schrodinger’s equation in the structure of an atom form subsequent parts of this chapter. The equation serves as a basis with which to understand band theory. Band theory explains the difference between conductors, insulators and semiconductors. Materials are distinguished according to the differences in their band gaps. Adding impurities or varying temperature changes the band gap in semiconductors, which consequently changes the properties of the semiconductor and its electrical conduction. One more important measure to understand and exploit the properties and behaviour of materials is Fermi–Dirac statistics. It is useful to acquire the probability of electrons at a given energy level at a specific temperature. These concepts can be utilised by physicists and chip makers to make more energy-efficient devices. Hence, this chapter details the fundamentals of quantum physics and how they relate to the electrical properties of nanodevices.
Quantum mechanics is the fundamental theory of nature at small scales and low energies of atoms and subatomic particles. Quantum mechanics is inescapable. Nearly all fields of modern physics, from elementary particles to the big bang, from semiconductors to solar energy cells, are related to quantum physics. Particles have characteristic trait of both particles and waves. The Schrodinger equation is the basic equation of quantum mechanics. The Schrodinger equation was established based on the quantization of energy conservation using quantum operators and the de Broglie relation. Wave function plays an important role in quantum mechanics. The probability interpretation assumes that the norm of the wave function measures the probability of the system in a particular coordinate or representation, in which the total probability is normalized.
New insight on the principles of the quantum physics development is given. The quite different behavior of quantum microworld mechanical systems in comparison with classical mechanical macroworld systems is attributed to the drastical change of the role of the gravitation field on the dynamics of microworld mechanical systems, for which it seems to be vanishing in com- parison with the role of the gravitation field on the dynamics of macroworld mechanical systems, for which it is decisive. The conclusion on the status of the second main postulate of quantum mechanics is given. Its formulation in all textbooks has to be represented in the form of the proved statement, since the hypothesis of Schrödinger on the existence of the field scalar function, being to be observable quantity, just charge density, is strictly mathematically proved. It is shown, that the field scalar function, being to be the solution of the corresponding nonstationary in general case Schrödinger equation and being to be the function the only of coordinates and time, actually describes the state of the atomic system, more strictly its corpuscular aspect. The atomic system is considered from the positions of the field theory, that is, it is the association of elementary particles with corresponding fields. The given fields being to be the media for the particles’ propagation are responsible for the wave aspect in the characteristic of atomic systems. The wave aspect is described by the independent scalar wave-function which was also introduced in quantum physics by Schrödinger, althogh the given fact seems to be unknown to the wide circle of the readers. The second main postulate being to be mathematically strictly grounded in Schrödinger formulation of quantum nechanics, in the popular probabilistic form of quantum nechanics cannot be proved for the general case, although the probabilistic theatise, proposed by Born is true in a number of special cases, quite correctly indicated by Dirac. The possible ways of the development of quantum theory, based on clear understanding of the origin of corpuscular-wave dualism and based on the fundamental both now mathemtically grounded main postulates are analysed.
Chapter 2 begins with a discussion of the de Broglie wave concept that is the foundation of quantum mechanics. The idea that particles can exhibit wave-like behavior is an important part of the explanation of why atoms have discrete energy levels and make transitions in which electromagnetic radiation is absorbed or emitted at specific frequencies. Important aspects of how quantum systems may be observed and how they develop in time are presented. The Schrödinger equation is introduced and the importance of the wavefunction covered. Mathematical simplifications that arise from considering symmetry are covered. Several examples of simple quantum systems are presented in which the calculation of electronic energy structure based on boundary conditions is illustrated. Sections on wave–particle duality and quantum observables are followed by others on the dynamics of two-level systems, mathematically complete representations of arbitrary states, and standard approaches for handling the temporal development of wavefunctions.