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Journal of Modern Optics

Overlapping single photons on coherent states with two independent laser sources: a proposal

Maria Luisa Calvo, R. F. Álvarez-Estrada

Published May 11, 2016• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Some very interesting pure non-Gaussian states in quantum optics have already been produced experimentally (with one pulsed laser): the single-photon-added coherent states, among others. Important interference phenomena by superposing beams from two independent masers or lasers have been investigated earlier experimentally and theoretically. By pursuing on both subjects altogether, we propose a possible new experiment to generate single-photon-added coherent states, by employing two independent laser sources, both in continuous regime and having approximately equal frequencies and coherence times tc: we expect that such generations could occur during times of the order of tc/3 (possibly, a bit shorter). This expectation follows from a fully quantized multimode analysis of the temporal mode structure, which extends previous studies of parametric down conversion and balanced homodyne detection

DOI
10.1080/09500340.2016.1181217

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Some very interesting pure non-Gaussian states in quantum optics have already been produced experimentally (with one pulsed laser): the single-photon-added coherent states, among others. Important interference phenomena by superposing beams from two independent masers or lasers have been investigated earlier experimentally and theoretically. By pursuing on both subjects altogether, we propose a possible new experiment to generate single-photon-added coherent states, by employing two independent laser sources, both in continuous regime and having approximately equal frequencies and coherence times tc: we expect that such generations could occur during times of the order of tc/3 (possibly, a bit shorter). This expectation follows from a fully quantized multimode analysis of the temporal mode structure, which extends previous studies of parametric down conversion and balanced homodyne detection
We will discuss the potential of synchronized optical cavities in the pulsed regime to generate complex mesoscopic quantum states and to implement quantum operations following recent theoretical proposals. Single-photons are a main resource for these targeted protocols, but pure states in well-defined spatio-temporal modes are required in order to perform relevant homodyne measurements. We will present a setup for high-rate single-photons generation, based on exaltation cavities in the pulsed regime, and discuss the way to synchronize this source with another cavity in order to have a quantum memory and to implement new kinds of innovative quantum protocols.
Single-photon sources are a fundamental resource in quantum optics and quantum information science. Photons with differing spectral and temporal shapes do not interfere well and inhibit the performance of quantum applications such as linear optics quantum computing, boson sampling, and quantum networks. Indistinguishability and purity of photons emitted from different sources are crucial properties for many quantum applications. The ability to determine the state of single-photon sources therefore provides a means to assess their quality, compare different sources, and provide feedback for source tuning. Here, we propose and demonstrate a single-configuration experimental method enabling complete characterization of the spectral-temporal state of a pulsed single-photon source having both pure and mixed states. The method involves interference of the unknown single-photon source with a reference at a balanced beam splitter followed by frequency-resolved coincidence detection at the outputs. Fourier analysis of the joint-spectral two-photon interference pattern reveals the density matrix of the single-photon source in the frequency basis. We present an experimental realization of this method for pure and mixed state pulsed single-photon sources.
Parametric down-conversion (PDC) forms one of the basic building blocks for quantum optical experiments. However, the intrinsic multimode spectral-temporal structure of pulsed PDC often poses a severe hindrance for the direct implementation of the heralding of pure single photon states or, for example, continuous-variable entanglement distillation experiments. To get rid of multimode effects narrowband frequency filtering is frequently applied to achieve a single-mode behaviour. To date, the theoretical models of filtered PDC, however, only account for filtering in the low gain regime, where only a few photon-pairs are emitted at any single point in time. In this paper we extend these theoretical descriptions and present a rigorous theoretical model for filtered type-II PDC. Our theoretical investigations reveal that filtering a multimode type-II PDC state, followed by a careful optimization of the measurement basis, effectively achieves a single-mode behaviour and further enables the generation of single-mode EPR-entanglement. Considering the ever increasing brightness of PDC sources our developed theoretical framework, enables the accurate description of filtered PDC in quantum optical experiments.
Summary form only given. Squeezed light at telecommunication wavelength is important source in the field of quantum information and communication technology, especially for realization of entanglement state with continuous variables. However, erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) used in classical communication systems contains substantially high intensity noise which is much higher than the shot noise level (SNL) due to beat noise of amplified spontaneous emission. Therefore, alternatively, optical parametric oscillators and Cr:YAG lasers have been employed for generation of squeezed light. In this work, we achieved photon number squeezing at 1.55 μm using a noisy EDFA laser as a light source, making use of collinear balanced detection technique, demonstrated by Nose et al.[1]. This technique compensates intensity noise at a specific radio-frequency by means of pulse splitting and recombination with a relative time delay τ. The photocurrent contributed by pulse trains is given by I(t) = I1(t) + I2(t) = I1(t) + I1(t-τ), where I1(t) and I2(t) is the photocurrent contributed by the first and second pules, respectively. The equation does not contain an interference term because any pulse does not temporally overlap each other. In the Fourier domain,we can obtain I(ω) = I1(ω) + I2(ω) = I1(ω) + I1(ω)exp(iωτ) and confirm the photocurrents are added up destructively at ω = π/τ. In our experiment, laser pulses, of which intensity noise is higher than 10dB from SNL, were divided into two parts and each of them experienced self-phase modulation during propagation through two different single-mode optical fibers. We detected the two pulse trains with a relative time delay and observed photon number squeezing a specific frequency. We used a femtosecond fiber laser (Femtolite, IMRA) as a light source. The center wavelength was 1560 nm and the repetition rate was 47.5 MHz. Figure 1 shows the experimental setup. We added time delay τ=1/frep, where frep is the repetition frequency, to one of the two pulse trains and added another delay deltaτ for preventing optical interference. We confirmed that intensity noise of the two pulse trains colineared at a polarization beam splitter (PBS) was coincident to the SNL both before and after fiber propagation at 22MHz. SNL was measured by balanced homodyne detection. We employed nonlinear polarization interferometer to generate squeezed light[2]. For measuring photon number squeezing, a branch ratio at PBS1 and PBS3,4 was adjusted to 90:10 and 95:5, respectively. We constructed another Michelson interferometer after a beam splitter to compensate the difference of fiber length. As a result, a maximum photon-number squeezing of 2.6 dB was obtained when average power was 4mW.