Through the observation of the causality and determinism in the Relativity and the experimental base of the birth of quantum mechanics, This paper explains the viewpoints of statistical effect and cause that causality in the quantum mechanics is non-domain, non-determinism, which is contrary to that of the description of the classical physics.
Through the observation of the causality and determinism in the Relativity and the experimental base of the birth of quantum mechanics, This paper explains the viewpoints of statistical effect and cause that causality in the quantum mechanics is non-domain, non-determinism, which is contrary to that of the description of the classical physics.
It is shown that quantum mechanics is, like thermodynamics, a phenomenological theory i.e., not a causal theory, ( not because it is a statistical theory - statistical theories with caused probability distributions can be regarded as causal) but because pure states, i.e., probability distributions of measurement values, cannot inhere in elementary particles and therefore cannot change when their world tubes intersect and hence they cannot be regarded as interacting causally. By a causal theory is meant a theory that specifies the changes in time of the states of causally interacting entities in its domain. The areas in quantum mechanics in which causal interactions are relevant include, though not explicitly, measurement and therefore the Born rule, and, explicitly, the unitary Schrodinger time development of states. The Born rule probabilities are shown to to refer not to conjoint superpositions of eigenstates but to classical mixtures of mutually exclusive eigenvalues and the Schrodinger time development of states is shown to refer to the time development of the states of non-causally interacting elementary particles and hence cannot be regarded as as a causal time development equation, appearances to the contrary notwithstanding. The recognition that quantum mechanics is not a causal theory but a phenomenological theory like thermodynamics does not affect the way it is employed to calculate an predict and hence preserves its empirical success but it does allow a typically simple phenomenological theory explanation of entanglement and other apparently non-local phenomena.
The paper is concentrated on the special changes of the conception of causalityfrom quantum mechanics to quantum information meaning as a background the revolution implemented by the former to classical physics and science after Max Born’s probabilistic reinterpretation of wave function. Those changes can be enumerated so: (1) quantum information describes the general case of the relation of two wave functions, and particularly, the causal amendment of a single one; (2) it keeps the physical description to be causal by the conservation of quantum information and in accordance with Born’s interpretation; (3) it introduces inverse causality, “backwards in time”, observable “forwards in time” as the fundamentally random probability density distribution of all possible measurements of any physical quantity in quantum mechanics; (4) it involves a kind of “bidirectional causality” unifying (4.1) the classical determinism of cause and effect, (4.2) the probabilistic causality of quantum mechanics, and (4.3) the reversibility of any coherent state; (5) it identifies determinism with the function successor in Peano arithmetic, and its proper generalized causality with the information function successor in Hilbert arithmetic.
The paper is concentrated on the special changes of the conception of causality from quantum mechanics to quantum information, meaning as a background the revolution implemented by the former to classical physics and science after Max Born’s probabilistic reinterpretation of wave function: (1) quantum information describes the general case of the relation of wave functions; (2) it keeps the physical description to be causal by the conservation of quantum information; (3) it introduces inverse causality, “backwards in time”; (4) it involves a kind of “bidirectional causality” unifying (4.1) the classical determinism of cause and effect, (4.2) the probabilistic causality of quantum mechanics, and (4.3) the reversibility of any coherent state; (5) it identifies determinism with the function successor in Peano arithmetic, and its proper generalized causality with the information function successor in Hilbert arithmetic.
Fundamentals of quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics remains one of the most successful, yet enigmatic, formulations of physics. Uncertainty and measurement constraints are incorporated at the core of this fundamental description of micro-physical dynamics. Quantum mechanics successfully describes the observed structures in chemistry and materials science. In particular, the impenetrability of matter due to Pauli exclusion is a consequence of incorporating special relativity into quantum mechanics. Microscopic causality , or the requirement that communications cannot propagate at greater than the speed of light, relates a particle's spin to its quantum statistics but does not exclude the space-like correlations associated with a coherent quantum state. This section will examine some of the foundations of quantum physics. An emphasis will be placed upon how the microscopic fundamentals of quantum mechanics relate to the geometric fundamentals of gravitational mechanics. Quantum formalism There are several interpretations of quantum mechanics offering models of the underlying (often hidden) dynamics that generate the observed quantum phenomenology (for example, the Copenhagen interpretation, or the many-worlds interpretation). Since any interpretation consistent with quantum physics cannot be proved or disproved by experiment, only those aspects of quantum formalism directly connected to experimental observables will be developed, with minimal interpretation imposed. To establish the conventions utilized in what follows, a brief overview of the formalism that describes those calculable observables modeled by quantum physics will be given.
Quantum mechanics has achieved unparalleled success as an operational theory, describing a wide range of experiments to remarkable accuracy. However, the physical foundations on which it rests remain as puzzling as they were a century ago, and a concise statement of the physical principles that underlie quantum mechanics is still outstanding. One promising approach holds that these principles should be formulated in terms of information, since many of the counter-intuitive effects in quantum theory concern questions such as what one can know about a quantum system and how the information encoded therein can be processed and distributed between parties. Another challenging feature of quantum theory is its incompatibility with the other cornerstone of modern physics, general relativity. In order to reconcile the two, one must identify and retain only the essential concepts and principles of each theory, and in the case of general relativity, causality has been identified as such a concept. This raises the question of how our classical understanding of causality must change when quantum theory is taken into account. In order to address these questions about information, knowledge and causality, I turn to the framework of causal models. In classical statistics, causal models explain the relations among a set of variables in terms of causal influences, which makes them a powerful tool for structuring our knowledge about complex systems and developing strategies for interacting with them. More importantly, the framework provides the conceptual underpinnings and mathematical methods for addressing questions about causation, information and knowledge in a rigorous manner. In this thesis, I develop a version of the classical causal models framework that is compatible with quantum theory and explore its physical implications. \n \n \nA first step is to define quantum versions of fundamental elements such as variables, conditionals and belief propagation rules. This allows one to consider the question of what one can come to know about a quantum variable from the point of view of causal modelling. The conditionals relating quantum variables are found to have a richer structure than their classical counterparts, which can be exploited for the task of discerning causal relations given limited data -- a central problem in classical causal modelling. The mathematical properties of quantum conditionals also establish a correspondence between various classes of two-party correlations, such as bound and distillable entanglement, and the types of causal structures that can give rise to them, which may become a useful tool for entanglement theory and quantum information processing. In the context of open quantum systems dynamics, quantum causal models provide a clear physical explanation of not completely positive maps and, more broadly, of non-Markovian quantum dynamics. Finally, I consider the possibility of non-classical effects in the way that different causal mechanisms are combined -- that is, non-classical causal structures. For the simple case of two causally ordered variables, I propose indicators that witness different classes of combinations of causal mechanisms, including a non-classical mixture, and describe an experiment realizing examples of the different classes. \n \n \nAs these results illustrate, the framework of quantum causal models provides both greater conceptual clarity and a comprehensive mathematical formalism for studying a diverse set of problems, ranging from foundational questions to applications in open systems dynamics and the exploration of non-classical causal structures, which are likely to feature in a future theory of quantum gravity. The material presented in this thesis is intended as a foundation and inspiration for further applications of quantum causal models.
Four forms of physical determination are presently known in physics: classical or mechanical determination, related to classical mechanics; dynamical determination, related to the relativistic theories of electromagnetism and gravitation; classical statistical determination, related to classical statistical theories; and quantum statistical determination, related to modern microphysics. The concept of interaction is a fundamental on-tological category, a moment of which is the causal relation; interaction is also local, taking place at finite velocities. Following the evolution of physical theories, it is possible to attest to the historicity of the concept of interaction and, accordingly, of the categories of interaction and determination. According to the Copenhagen School, causality and locality are incompatible with quantum mechanics. On the contrary, according to the point of view developed here, realism, causality and locality are simultaneously compatible in the domain of microphysics.