The phenomena of light scattering and several basic types of light scattering are briefly introduced and summarized in this article.In the quantum mechanics point of view,the light scattering was looked on as the interaction between photons and material atoms(scattering of photons and material atoms or collision),and their images was also given.Then all kinds of scattering,such as: Compton scattering,Rayleigh scattering and Raman scattering were discussed and analysed,and the relevant formulas were given.A lot of knowledge about the basic theory of light scattering and structure of atoms or molecules are obtained.
The phenomena of light scattering and several basic types of light scattering are briefly introduced and summarized in this article.In the quantum mechanics point of view,the light scattering was looked on as the interaction between photons and material atoms(scattering of photons and material atoms or collision),and their images was also given.Then all kinds of scattering,such as: Compton scattering,Rayleigh scattering and Raman scattering were discussed and analysed,and the relevant formulas were given.A lot of knowledge about the basic theory of light scattering and structure of atoms or molecules are obtained.
Based on the modern idea that a photon is a stable, indivisible particle, it is necessary to abandon the generally accepted idea that in the elementary act of Raman scattering of light, a photon splits into two particles. Such a rejection and the transition to a four-photon scheme of the elementary act with the participation of an axion make it possible to preserve the integrity of the photons involved in the elementary act of Raman scattering. The laser beam interacts with vibrations of atoms in molecules, with electrons in atoms, and with phonons or other excitations in the medium under study, as a result of which frequency components appear in the radiation spectrum at the output of the medium under study, shifted relative to the laser frequency toward high or low values. Raman scattering of light is the inelastic scattering of optical radiation in the medium under study, accompanied by a noticeable change in the frequency of radiation. Unlike Rayleigh scattering, which occurs when the refractive indices of the medium and the pumping radiation coincide in phase, in Raman scattering, spectral lines appear in the spectrum of scattered radiation that are not present in the spectrum of primary (exciting) light. Raman scattering of light can be observed in various media: liquids, semiconductors, and gases. It is noteworthy that with the advent of lasers, spontaneous Raman scattering has been supplemented by forced scattering, which allows for a clear result. Using the example of laser radiation scattering in a cell with atomic potassium vapor, it is shown that axions participate in the process of Raman scattering of light. Received: 26 November 2024 | Revised: 29 July 2025 | Accepted: 28 August 2025 Conflicts of Interest The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are openly available at https://journalofscience.org/index.php/GJSFR/article/view/102768, reference number [5]. Author Contribution Statement Valeriy Evgenievich Ogluzdin: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration.
The review deals with various variants of classification of the types of secondary emission of light by molecules; cases are distinguished in which the secondary emission occurs without additional processes that find their way between photon emission and absorption; the advisability of differentiating between the cases of resonance fluorescence and resonance scattering is noted. Reference is made to papers that have made contributions to the development of quantum-mechanical and classical theory of Raman scattering and to the development of the concepts of the relations between electron-vibrational absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra, and scattering excitation near and near and far resonance. Conditions are considered of excitation of the spectrum at different relations between the electronic-oscillator damping constant, the atom vibration frequency, the rotational frequencies, and the difference between the frequency of the incident light and the frequency of the electronic transition. The conditions for the excitation of typical light scattering, typical resonance fluorescence, and certain intermediate types, in which individual features of scattering are combined with certain features of fluorescence (phenomena of the transition type) are noted. The results of investigations of different models of the scattering centers, their advantages, shortcomings, and limits of applicability are compared. The most interesting results of the experimental investigations of resonant scattering of light by molecules and crystals are noted.
Classical mechanics, which gives a fairly accurate description of large systems (e.g., solar system) as also of mechanical systems in our every day life, however, breaks down when applied to small (microscopic) systems such as molecules, atoms and nuclei. For example, (1) classical mechanics cannot even explain why the atoms are stable at all. A classical atom with electrons moving in circular or elliptic orbits around the nucleus would continuously radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation because an accelerated charge does radiate energy. As a result the radius of the orbit would become smaller and smaller, resulting in instability of the atom. On the other hand, the atoms are found to be remarkably stable in practice. (2) Another fact of observation that classical mechanics fails to explain is wave particle duality in radiation as well as in material particles. It is well known that light exhibits the phenomena of interference, diffraction and polarization which can be easily understood on the basis of wave aspect of radiation. But light also exhibits the phenomena of photo-electric effect, Compton effect and Raman effect which can only be understood in terms of corpuscular or quantum aspect of radiation. The dual behavior of light, or radiation cannot be consistently understood on the basis of classical concepts alone or explained away by saying that light behaves as wave or particle depending on the kind of experiment we do with it (complementarity). Moreover, a beam of material particles, like electrons and neutrons, demonstrates wave-like properties (e.g., diffraction). A brief outline of phenomena that require quantum mechanics for their understanding follows.
The fundamental processes of absorption, stimulated and spontaneous emission, and elastic as well as inelastic scattering involving light and atoms, molecules, and nano-particles have been studied for decades using both classical and quantum theories. While providing an overview of the subject, this paper presents a streamlined approach to studying atom-photon interactions in the context of modern quantum optics in the hope of providing guidance for applications in the general area of molecular and nano-photonic machines.
Quantum mechanics is a theory to explain and predict the behavior of particles such as electrons, protons, neutrons, atomic nuclei, atoms, and molecules, as well as the photon–the particle associated with electromagnetic radiation or light. From quantum theory we obtain the laws of chemistry as well as explanations for the properties of materials, such as crystals, semiconductors, superconductors, and superfluids. Applications of quantum behavior give us transistors, computer chips, lasers, and masers. The relatively new field of molecular biology, which leads to our better understanding of biological structures and life processes, derives from quantum considerations. Thus, quantum behavior encompasses a large fraction of modern science and technology. Quantum theory was developed during the first half of the twentieth century through the efforts of many scientists. In 1926, E. Schrödinger interjected wave mechanics into the array of ideas, equations, explanations, and theories that were prevalent at the time to explain the growing accumulation of observations of quantum phenomena. His theory introduced the wave function and the differential wave equation that it obeys. Schrödinger's wave mechanics is now the backbone of our current conceptional understanding and our mathematical procedures for the study of quantum phenomena. Our presentation of the basic principles of quantum mechanics is contained in the first three chapters. Chapter 1 begins with a treatment of plane waves and wave packets, which serves as background material for the subsequent discussion of the wave function for a free particle.
This chapter reviews the basic quantum mechanics of spectroscopy, analyzing forms of spectroscopy based on the measurement of energy as an atom or molecule undergoes a change in quantum states. It looks at different aspects of quantum mechanics in order to understand instrumental techniques and analysis involving the interaction of light and matter. It also looks at how spectroscopy explores particular energy level differences between quantum states in molecules and atoms. The chapter stresses the importance of quantum mechanics in the development of spectroscopic techniques used to investigate atomic composition and chemical structures. It cites an example that outlines the quantum mechanic events that led to the line spectrum of hydrogen in a gas in a discharge tube.