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IEEE Communications Letters

Quantum Network Coding Against Pollution Attacks

Tao Shang, Zhuang Pei, Xiaojie Zhao, Jianwei Liu

Published Jan 1, 2016• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum network coding is vulnerable to pollution attacks, especially when using classical channel as auxiliary resource. On this basis, this letter proposes a secure quantum network coding scheme against pollution attacks. The scheme uses quantum homomorphic signature for the efficient authentication of different data sources so as to detect pollution attacks in the butterfly network. Furthermore, with the help of trusted intermediate nodes, it can locate a corrupt data source. Analysis results show that the proposed quantum network coding scheme can defend against pollution attacks with high fidelity, fewer resource consumption, and lower rate region.

DOI
10.1109/lcomm.2016.2564378

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Quantum network coding is vulnerable to pollution attacks, especially when using classical channel as auxiliary resource. On this basis, this letter proposes a secure quantum network coding scheme against pollution attacks. The scheme uses quantum homomorphic signature for the efficient authentication of different data sources so as to detect pollution attacks in the butterfly network. Furthermore, with the help of trusted intermediate nodes, it can locate a corrupt data source. Analysis results show that the proposed quantum network coding scheme can defend against pollution attacks with high fidelity, fewer resource consumption, and lower rate region.
The intermediate communication nodes are allowed by network coding to encode the received data. Moreover, it has been confirmed that the upper limit of the communication network capacity can be achieved, which is conducive to improving the throughput of the communication network, but it is vulnerable to pollution attacks when the classic channels are used as the auxiliary resources. Although the quantum network coding can be used to increase the transmission speed of quantum bits per unit time based on the existing channels, the same security problems have arisen from quantum network coding in terms of the pollution attacks. In this paper, based on the anti-pollution characteristics of quantum signatures, a kind of quantum blind signature network coding scheme is put forward. Since various performances of the signature added in the process of data transmission will be improved, the blind signature is added at the intermediate node of the secure butterfly network and the data has been blinded by means of the quantum entanglement characteristics, yet the data of the intermediate node data packet has not been changed. According to the analysis results, it has defended against pollution attacks with high fidelity, low resource consumption, and low rate area.
Abstract Quantum network coding (QNC) can encode and decode quantum information, thereby improving the communication efficiency. However, it is vulnerable to pollution attacks, which will lead to invalid transmission throughout the quantum network. Inspired by the idea of quantum state sharing (QSTS), we introduce QSTS into QNC for the first time to address security issues such as pollution attacks. Subsequently, a novel QNC scheme against pollution attacks based on QSTS is proposed in the paper. In the scheme, the first intermediate node encodes quantum states and performs the first round of sharing. Meanwhile, it conducts an XOR operation on the classical information. The second intermediate node encodes quantum states and performs the second round of sharing. Meanwhile, it duplicates the classical information. Different from the first one, it needs to distribute the quantum state to two receivers by means of quantum teleportation, measurement by using the designed basis, and unitary operations. Finally, the receiver performs the third round of sharing on the quantum state, then verifies the existence of pollution attacks by comparing the quantum information with the classical information. Through performance analysis, the proposed scheme can realize that receivers can receive the quantum state from senders with the fidelity of 1 and the success probability of 1 simultaneously. In addition, we also apply the scheme to the extended butterfly network, which demonstrates superior extensibility and practicability.
Based on ddd-dimensional quantum full homomorphic encryption, an efficient and secure quantum network coding protocol is proposed in this paper. First, a quantum full homomorphic encryption protocol is constructed utilizing ddd-dimensional universal quantum gates. On this basis, an efficient quantum network coding protocol is proposed. In the protocol, two source nodes encrypt their respective prepared quantum states with the quantum full homomorphic encryption protocol. The two intermediate nodes successively perform homomorphic evaluation of the received quantum states. Finally, the two sink nodes recover the quantum states transmitted by the two source nodes in the butterfly network depending on their measurement results. The performance analysis shows that the proposed quantum network coding protocol is correct and resistant to attacks launched by dishonest intermediate nodes and external eavesdroppers. Compared to related protocols, the proposed protocol not only enables to transfer information in ddd-dimensional quantum system, but also requires only 1 quantum gate and a key of length 2 in the encryption phase, which makes the protocol has higher efficiency.
Quantum network coding is expected to enable multiple quantum data packets to be fused before the transmission via the bottleneck channel in order to improve the transmission efficiency and the total throughput of quantum networks. Although several quantum network coding schemes have been constructed, they are unable to meet the practical application requirements due to the fact that they lack a complete security solution. To tackle this issue, a practical secure quantum network coding scheme is constructed. Compared with existing methods, the proposed quantum network coding scheme is more practical and most importantly it can provide complete security against both information leakage and pollution attacks, which greatly contributes to global quantum communication networks.
It seems impossible to endow opportunistic characteristic to quantum network on the basis that quantum channel cannot be overheard without disturbance. We propose an opportunistic quantum network coding scheme by taking full advantage of channel characteristic of quantum teleportation. On one hand, it utilizes quantum channel for the secure transmission of quantum states and can detect eavesdroppers by means of quantum channel verification. On the other hand, it utilizes classical channel for opportunistic listening and can acquire coding opportunity from neighbors. Analysis results show that our scheme can reduce the times of transmissions for relay nodes and can effectively defend against classical passive attack and quantum active attack.
In contrast to traditional "store-and-forward" routing mechanisms, network coding offers an elegant solution for achieving maximum network throughput.The core idea is that intermediate network nodes linearly combine received data packets so that the destination nodes can decode original files from some authenticated packets.Although network coding has many advantages, especially in wireless sensor network and peer-to-peer network, the encoding mechanism of intermediate nodes also results in some additional security issues.For a powerful adversary who can control arbitrary number of malicious network nodes and can eavesdrop on the entire network, cryptographic signature schemes provide undeniable authentication mechanisms for network nodes.However, with the development of quantum technologies, some existing network coding signature schemes based on some traditional number-theoretic primitives vulnerable to quantum cryptanalysis.In this paper we first present an efficient network coding signature scheme in the standard model using lattice theory, which can be viewed as the most promising tool for designing post-quantum cryptographic protocols.In the security proof, we propose a new method for generating a random lattice and the corresponding trapdoor, which may be used in other cryptographic protocols.Our scheme has many advantages, such as supporting multi-source networks, low computational complexity and low communication overhead.