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Chinese Physics B

Topological phase boundary in a generalized Kitaev model

Da-Ping Liu

Published May 1, 2016• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We study the effects of the next-nearest-neighbor hopping and nearest-neighbor interactions on topological phases in a one-dimensional generalized Kitaev model. In the noninteracting case, we define a topological number and calculate exactly the phase diagram of the system. With addition of the next-nearest-neighbor hopping, the change of phase boundary between the topological and trivial regions can be described by an effective shift of the chemical potential. In the interacting case, we obtain the entanglement spectrum, the degeneracies of which correspond to the topological edge modes, by using the infinite time-evolving block decimation method. The results show that the interactions change the phase boundary as adding an effective chemical potential which can be explained by the change of the average number of particles.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/25/5/057101

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We study the effects of the next-nearest-neighbor hopping and nearest-neighbor interactions on topological phases in a one-dimensional generalized Kitaev model. In the noninteracting case, we define a topological number and calculate exactly the phase diagram of the system. With addition of the next-nearest-neighbor hopping, the change of phase boundary between the topological and trivial regions can be described by an effective shift of the chemical potential. In the interacting case, we obtain the entanglement spectrum, the degeneracies of which correspond to the topological edge modes, by using the infinite time-evolving block decimation method. The results show that the interactions change the phase boundary as adding an effective chemical potential which can be explained by the change of the average number of particles.
We investigate emergent topological gapless phases in the square-lattice Kitaev model with additional hopping terms. In the presence of nearest-neighbor hopping only, the model is known to exhibit gapless phases with two topological gapless points. When the strength of the newly added next-nearest-neighbor hopping is smaller than a certain value, qualitatively the same phase diagram persists. We find that further increase of the extra hopping results in a new topological phase with four gapless points. We construct a phase diagram to clarify the regions of emergent topological gapless phases as well as topologically trivial ones in the space of the chemical potential and the next-nearest-neighbor hopping strength. We examine the evolution of the gapless phases in the energy dispersions of the bulk as the chemical potential varies. The topological properties of the gapless phases are characterized by the winding numbers of the present gapless points. We also consider the ribbon geometry to examine the corresponding topological edge states. It is revealed that Majorana-fermion edge modes exist as flat bands in topological gapless phases. We also perform the analytical calculation as to Majorana-fermion zero-energy modes and discuss its implications on the numerical results.
We numerically study the quantum phase transitions and the stability of Majorana zero modes in a generalized Kitaev model in one dimension when the chemical potential is periodically modulating in space. By using the exact diagonalization method for open boundary condition, we investigate the ground-state phases in terms of the non-local properties such as the entanglement spectrum (ES) and the string correlation functions. When we vary the phase of the modulation, the number of the Majorana zero modes changes, which manifests itself in the degeneracy of the lowest level of the ES. Next, we study the quantum phase transitions driven by the change in the amplitude of the modulation. In particular, for certain values of the wave number and the phase of the modulation, we observe a quantum phase transition from one topological phase into another where the string correlation function oscillates in space. We also show a case where the degeneracy of the ES does not change even for large enough amplitude of the modulation. Finally, we characterize the phases of the system with periodic boundary condition by the topological invariant, which reflects the number of the zero-energy excitations.
We present a detailed study of the phase diagram of the Kitaev-Hubbard chain, that is the Kitaev chain in the presence of a nearest-neighbor density-density interaction, using both analytical techniques as well as DMRG. In the case of a moderate attractive interaction, the model has the same phases as the noninteracting chain, a trivial and a topological phase. For repulsive interactions, the phase diagram is more interesting. Apart from the previously observed topological, incommensurate, and charge density wave phases, we identify the ``excited state charge density wave'' phase. In this phase, the ground state resembles an excited state of an ordinary charge density phase, but is lower in energy due to the frustrated nature of the model. We find that the dynamical critical exponent takes the value $z\ensuremath{\simeq}1.8$. Interestingly, this phase only appears for even system sizes, and is sensitive to the chemical potential on the edges of the chain. For the topological phase, we present an argument that excludes the presence of a strong zero mode for a large part of the topological phase. For the remaining region, we study the time dependence of the edge magnetization (using the bosonic incarnation of the model). These results further expand the region where a strong zero mode does not occur.
In this work, we study the topological phase transitions of a Kitaev chain generalized by the addition of nearest-neighbor Coulomb interaction. We show the presence of a robust topological phase as a function of the interaction strength and of the on-site energy with associated non-zero energy Majorana states localized at the chain edges. We provide an effective mean-field model that allows for the self-consistent computation of the mean value of the local particle number operator, and we also perform Density Matrix Renormalization Group numerical simulations based on a tensor network approach. We find that the two methods show a good agreement in reporting the phase transition between trivial and topological superconductivity. Temperature robustness within a physically relevant threshold has also been demonstrated. These findings shed light on an entire class of topological interacting one-dimensional systems in which the effects of residual Coulomb interactions play a relevant role.
We numerically study quantum phase transitions and dynamical properties in the one-dimensional cluster model with several interactions by using the time-evolving block decimation method for infinite systems and the exact diagonalization. First, boundaries among several quantum phases of the model are determined from energy gap and each phase is characterized by order parameters and the entanglement spectrum (ES). We confirm that in the model with open boundary condition the degeneracy of the lowest levels in the ES corresponds to that of the ground states. Then, using the time-dependent Bogoliubov transformation with open boundary condition, we investigate dynamical properties during an interaction sweep through the critical point which separates two topological phases involving four-fold degeneracy in the ground state. After a slow sweep across the critical point, we observe spatially periodic structures in the string correlation functions and the entanglement entropy. It is shown that the periodicities stem from the Bogoliubov quasiparticles generated near the critical point.
The topological properties of the Kitaev chain model with extended-range interactions are investigated, focusing on cases where the topological winding number is preserved. We assume that the pairing and hopping terms decay algebraically in space with exponents ααα and βββ, respectively. We show that in the truncated-range scenario, there are as many distinct topological phases as the number of coupled neighboring sites. In addition, an explicit analytical formulation is provided to evaluate the topological invariant and the phase transitions that emerge in these systems. Besides the analytical description, we introduce a new physical insight into the topological excitations of the ground-state by measuring the spatial distribution of the edge modes with the Majorana average position. Taking the next-nearest neighbor Kitaev chains as a probe, various numerical calculations of Majorana edge states were performed in finite-size clusters to determine the sensitivity of the topological zero energy modes to the parameters of interest. The occupation of edge-to-edge non-local fermion states is computed and defined as an effective parity. Such an effective parity exhibits new interesting features beyond the energetic exchange from the ground-state fermion parity switches, which are related to the distribution of the respective edge modes. Our calculations show a direct correlation between the ground-state fermion parity and the edge occupation numbers, which are translated into localization and delocalization of the Majorana average position.