Based on the Maxwell theory and the principle of charges quantization, we prove that for any definite V , a symmetrical electromagnetic wave beam of minimum energy possesses the basic characters: ∈ = hv , p = h/λ , spin= and duality. They are the good reasons for us to treat the wave beam as a photon. A photon is consisted of ∈ -(energy) packet and ψ -(electromagnetic)wave. ∈ -packet is a circular polarized electromagnetic field wrapped by a cylindrical lateral membrane with ± charge e. They form an extremely stable structure like a “solid particle”. Under the protect of the membrane, no external electromagnetic field can break it or change its inner structure so as the photons can bring the information unchanged from the deep universe for over ten billion years. Photon ( ∈ -packet) of different frequencies V have different radius but same shape with same ratio L/R ≈ 0.04 like a circular coin. The ∈ -packet is floated on and carried by the ψ -(EM) wave to move together. ψ -wave decides and describes the probability behavior of the ∈ -packet (s). Such structure unifies the duality of photons. Analysis of the pair production shows that symmetry will make the particles produced possess spiral structure of mass. The mass density on particles’ cross section satisfy σ = σR (R/r)k.
Based on the Maxwell theory and the principle of charges quantization, we prove that for any definite V , a symmetrical electromagnetic wave beam of minimum energy possesses the basic characters: ∈ = hv , p = h/λ , spin= and duality. They are the good reasons for us to treat the wave beam as a photon. A photon is consisted of ∈ -(energy) packet and ψ -(electromagnetic)wave. ∈ -packet is a circular polarized electromagnetic field wrapped by a cylindrical lateral membrane with ± charge e. They form an extremely stable structure like a “solid particle”. Under the protect of the membrane, no external electromagnetic field can break it or change its inner structure so as the photons can bring the information unchanged from the deep universe for over ten billion years. Photon ( ∈ -packet) of different frequencies V have different radius but same shape with same ratio L/R ≈ 0.04 like a circular coin. The ∈ -packet is floated on and carried by the ψ -(EM) wave to move together. ψ -wave decides and describes the probability behavior of the ∈ -packet (s). Such structure unifies the duality of photons. Analysis of the pair production shows that symmetry will make the particles produced possess spiral structure of mass. The mass density on particles’ cross section satisfy σ = σR (R/r)k.
Until now, we do not know whether elementary particles have structure, but we cannot assert that elementary particles do not have structure, because all experiences tell us that the properties of non-living and living things are closely related to their structure. As their foundation, can the microscopic particles be excluded? Do photons and charged fermions have structure? What structure? We study the key to the Schrödinger computation that accurately reproduce the energy levels of the Bohr model and the general solution of Schrödinger equation mathematically; we found to satisfy Schrödinger equation the charged fermions must possess a double helix structure of mass density. Such structures plus partial self-rotation make them quantized and a fixed value spin or . We prove that the Maxwell wave equation is simultaneously the Klein-Gordon equation for electromagnetic waves. Then we prove that photons have a double helix structure of EH-energy that makes photons quantized and a fixed value spin or . There is a charge in the electron (and charged fermions); a pair of charges in the photons, they distribute double helically along their side boundaries; these charges produce and carry a circular polarized E-wave and EH-wave respectively. They form two traveling-wave-particle hybrid structures. It is such hybrid structures give them traveling-wave-particle duality. Such dualities can exhibit their wave property and particle property simultaneously in the same experiments. At last, we prove that the electron cloud photo not only exhibits the probability distribution of electrons but also proves the existence of electrons’ trajectories around the nucleus; the electrons’ motions make the probability distribution. The electron probability distribution around the nucleus is causal. At last we prove that the electron in the main shells (the Eigen states) of a multi-electron atom does not radiate pure EM energy, not fall to the nucleus.
Photon and charged elementary particles have many commonalities like constant spin, duality, etc. The purpose of this paper is trying to find out why such particles have the commonalities and how to make the commonalities. The first part of this paper is to derive and prove that the photon is consisted of an energy packet and a closely connected circular polarized EM wave with much smaller energy. The energy packet is a thin piece of circular polarized EH field wrapped by a cylindrical side membrane with helical distributed . Double helix structure of field EH in the energy packet plus intrinsic speed c being proved makes almost all the basic properties of photon in the paper. The wave-particle properties in the structure of photon plays a roll together in the process of emission, absorption and interference. Such structure makes the photon to act as both a wave and a particle at the same time, not “exhibit different characters for different phenomenon”. It makes the dispute in the double slit experiment unnecessary. Charged elementary particles produced from a photon in the pair production will be proved in the paper it is split equally point to point from the photon. So the particles possess double helix structure of mass density and charge (or ). The helically distributed charge (or ) carries a circular polarized external E-field to move with the same velocity (a wave really). Of the charged elementary particle and of this E-wave will be proved to satisfy the de Broglie Relation here. It naturally leads to the differential equation of motion of such particles mathematically as same as the Schrodinger equation. Such differential equation of motion for the non-relativistic particles will be proved it is for the circular polarized structure and wave. Difference between helical (or ) and helical makes the charged elementary particles and photon distinguishable or undistinguishable by the magnetic B effect and to obey different statistics, F-D statistics or B-E statistics; and obey the Pauli Exclusion Principle or not. Since the spin direction of the photon and charged elementary particles are decided by the direction of helical structure, anyone of these particles can only possess a definite direction of spin, so the entanglement is like a pair of gloves disregard of how far the distance between them. Because a particle cannot locate at two positions or possess two different magnitudes of energy at the same time, (otherwise, the particle will split or move with different speed simultaneously), the particle itself can take only one basis state (e.g. at a point in the interference pattern or in an eigen state of the atom or molecule) any time. Therefore, the idea like wave function collapse, electron cloud and both alive and dead Schrodinger cat are no longer necessary. At last, it is a proof that there is a particular relativistic property of the charged elementary particles in the equal energy process. It will affect the physical and chemical process in the atom and molecule.
The interpretation of single photon double slits Wheeler's delayed choice experiment leads to a weird inference: "what the observer does now can change what happened in the past". It subverts our cognitions. Other interpretations are also in dispute. Is there another possible way that can better explain experiments? For this purpose, we try to reacquaint what is a photon? What structure does it have? How does the structure influence the photon behavior? In 1905 Einstein supposed that the photon is a quantum of EM radiation; according to the quantum interpretation, the probability density of a coherent state undergoes a sinusoidal vibration with time. It will also excite a quantized EM wave. So, our research object must be an EM wave beams. We discover and prove that under the Quantification Law of Charge, there is a kind of axial symmetric EM-wave beam it is a quantum of circularly polarized light. Its energy is concentrated in a very small packet; this energy packet will be proved having the photon properties, like , , spin , obeying B-E statistics and so on; On the other hand, the width of the sodium spectral lines identifies that the energy packet carries a long EM wave beam. They form a wave-particle hybrid structure. It exhibits both wave property and particle property at the time in all experiments. Its interpretation for the single photon double slits Wheeler's delayed choice experiment does not lead to the above strange inference.
The two equations E = h × f and E = (h × c)/λ for the quantum of energy of electromagnetic radiation provide the same result but describe electromagnetic radiation very differently. E = (h × c)/λ describes the quantum of energy of electromagnetic radiation to be located already in one wavelength and therefore like a particle. E = h × f describes the quantum of energy distributed over 299 792 458 m and therefore like a wave. To obtain h × f for the quantum of energy, we have to refer the quantum of energy to 299 792 458 m. Only then we obtain from E = (h × c)/(299 792 458 m), as the distance of 299 792 458 m of the velocity c is cancelling out now, E = h × 1/s = h × Hz, which is the precondition to obtain the correct value for the quantum of energy by multiplying Planck’s constant h by the frequency f. This already indicates the necessity of today's physics to have to speak of a particle-wave duality. It turns out that electromagnetic radiation consists of the first wavelength that carries the quantum of energy and behaves like a particle, which today is called “photon,” and a few following wavelengths that do not carry a further quantum of energy and behave like a wave, which today is called “electromagnetic wave.” By this knowledge, the particle-wave duality vanishes, and we obtain one single physical phenomenon, which I call “photon-wave.” The strange behavior of quantum objects at a single slit, at double-slits, and at beam splitters can now be understood in a causal way. “God does not play dice!” Einstein was right.
In the single photon double slits experiment, what mechanism makes the interference? Whether it is owing to the external factor or the photon has a special structure it can interfere photon itself to make the interference pattern? Because the photon is a quantum of EM radiation as Einstein proposed, so we start the study from an EM wave beam (an EM radiation). Under the demand of the symmetry and quantization, we found the wave beam is certainly circular polarized and covered by a side membrane. There is a pair of ± charges ±q and the circular tension distributes double helically along the side membrane. Quantization of charges requires ( k=2.3,...). Mechanical equilibrium among the helical distributed or, tension and the circular polarized EM field inside construct a steady structure to keep the quantized EM beam integrity, shape and size. Its energy hv concentrates in a cylindrical packet of radius R max and length , named -(energy) packet. With the aid of Einstein theory of spontaneous emission, we proved that the photon is consisted of the energy packet and accompany with a conical - (EM) wave beam; -packet floats in front of the -wave. It is such hybrid structure that makes photon self interference in the double slits experiment.
What mechanism causes the interference in the single photon double slits experiment? Is it due to an external factor, or does the photon have a special structure that allows it to interfere with itself to create the interference pattern? Because, as Einstein proposed, the photon is a quantum of EM radiation, we begin our investigation with an EM wave beam (an EM radiation). The purpose of this paper is (1) study the possible structure of photon; (2) use the hybrid structure of the photon to explain single photon double-slit experiment. We discovered that the wave beam is definitely circular polarised and covered by a side membrane. Under the demand of symmetry and quantization, there is a pair of ± charges ±q and the circular tension T(R,∠,θ) distributes double helically along the side membrane. Quantization of charges requires q=±e(or(±q=±ke )k=2,3,......). Mechanical equilibrium among the helical distributed ±e( or ±q=±ke), tension T and the circular polarized EM field inside construct a steady structure to keep the quantized EM beam integrity, shape and size. Its energy hv concentrates in a cylindrical packet of radius Rmax and length δ, named ∈− (energy) packet. With the aid of Einstein theory of spontaneous emission, we proved that the photon is consisted of the ∈=hv( or ∈=nhv) energy packet and accompany with a conical ψ - (EM) wave beam; ∈ -packet floats in front of the ψ -wave. In the double slits experiment, it is the same hybrid structure that causes photon self interference.