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Physical Science International Journal

Double Helix Wave-Particle Structures of Photon and Charged Elementary Particles. The Equation of Motion of the Particle with Both Intrinsic Spin and Double Helix Structure has the Same form as the Schrodinger Equation

Sennian Chen

Published May 22, 2020• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Photon and charged elementary particles have many commonalities like constant spin, duality, etc. The purpose of this paper is trying to find out why such particles have the commonalities and how to make the commonalities. The first part of this paper is to derive and prove that the photon is consisted of an energy packet and a closely connected circular polarized EM wave with much smaller energy. The energy packet is a thin piece of circular polarized EH field wrapped by a cylindrical side membrane with helical distributed . Double helix structure of field EH in the energy packet plus intrinsic speed c being proved makes almost all the basic properties of photon in the paper. The wave-particle properties in the structure of photon plays a roll together in the process of emission, absorption and interference. Such structure makes the photon to act as both a wave and a particle at the same time, not “exhibit different characters for different phenomenon”. It makes the dispute in the double slit experiment unnecessary. Charged elementary particles produced from a photon in the pair production will be proved in the paper it is split equally point to point from the photon. So the particles possess double helix structure of mass density and charge (or ). The helically distributed charge (or ) carries a circular polarized external E-field to move with the same velocity (a wave really). Of the charged elementary particle and of this E-wave will be proved to satisfy the de Broglie Relation here. It naturally leads to the differential equation of motion of such particles mathematically as same as the Schrodinger equation. Such differential equation of motion for the non-relativistic particles will be proved it is for the circular polarized structure and wave. Difference between helical (or ) and helical makes the charged elementary particles and photon distinguishable or undistinguishable by the magnetic B effect and to obey different statistics, F-D statistics or B-E statistics; and obey the Pauli Exclusion Principle or not. Since the spin direction of the photon and charged elementary particles are decided by the direction of helical structure, anyone of these particles can only possess a definite direction of spin, so the entanglement is like a pair of gloves disregard of how far the distance between them. Because a particle cannot locate at two positions or possess two different magnitudes of energy at the same time, (otherwise, the particle will split or move with different speed simultaneously), the particle itself can take only one basis state (e.g. at a point in the interference pattern or in an eigen state of the atom or molecule) any time. Therefore, the idea like wave function collapse, electron cloud and both alive and dead Schrodinger cat are no longer necessary. At last, it is a proof that there is a particular relativistic property of the charged elementary particles in the equal energy process. It will affect the physical and chemical process in the atom and molecule.

DOI
10.9734/psij/2020/v24i330182

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Photon and charged elementary particles have many commonalities like constant spin, duality, etc. The purpose of this paper is trying to find out why such particles have the commonalities and how to make the commonalities. The first part of this paper is to derive and prove that the photon is consisted of an energy packet and a closely connected circular polarized EM wave with much smaller energy. The energy packet is a thin piece of circular polarized EH field wrapped by a cylindrical side membrane with helical distributed . Double helix structure of field EH in the energy packet plus intrinsic speed c being proved makes almost all the basic properties of photon in the paper. The wave-particle properties in the structure of photon plays a roll together in the process of emission, absorption and interference. Such structure makes the photon to act as both a wave and a particle at the same time, not “exhibit different characters for different phenomenon”. It makes the dispute in the double slit experiment unnecessary. Charged elementary particles produced from a photon in the pair production will be proved in the paper it is split equally point to point from the photon. So the particles possess double helix structure of mass density and charge (or ). The helically distributed charge (or ) carries a circular polarized external E-field to move with the same velocity (a wave really). Of the charged elementary particle and of this E-wave will be proved to satisfy the de Broglie Relation here. It naturally leads to the differential equation of motion of such particles mathematically as same as the Schrodinger equation. Such differential equation of motion for the non-relativistic particles will be proved it is for the circular polarized structure and wave. Difference between helical (or ) and helical makes the charged elementary particles and photon distinguishable or undistinguishable by the magnetic B effect and to obey different statistics, F-D statistics or B-E statistics; and obey the Pauli Exclusion Principle or not. Since the spin direction of the photon and charged elementary particles are decided by the direction of helical structure, anyone of these particles can only possess a definite direction of spin, so the entanglement is like a pair of gloves disregard of how far the distance between them. Because a particle cannot locate at two positions or possess two different magnitudes of energy at the same time, (otherwise, the particle will split or move with different speed simultaneously), the particle itself can take only one basis state (e.g. at a point in the interference pattern or in an eigen state of the atom or molecule) any time. Therefore, the idea like wave function collapse, electron cloud and both alive and dead Schrodinger cat are no longer necessary. At last, it is a proof that there is a particular relativistic property of the charged elementary particles in the equal energy process. It will affect the physical and chemical process in the atom and molecule.
Until now, we do not know whether elementary particles have structure, but we cannot assert that elementary particles do not have structure, because all experiences tell us that the properties of non-living and living things are closely related to their structure. As their foundation, can the microscopic particles be excluded? Do photons and charged fermions have structure? What structure? We study the key to the Schrödinger computation that accurately reproduce the energy levels of the Bohr model and the general solution of Schrödinger equation mathematically; we found to satisfy Schrödinger equation the charged fermions must possess a double helix structure of mass density. Such structures plus partial self-rotation make them quantized and a fixed value spin or . We prove that the Maxwell wave equation is simultaneously the Klein-Gordon equation for electromagnetic waves. Then we prove that photons have a double helix structure of EH-energy that makes photons quantized and a fixed value spin or . There is a charge in the electron (and charged fermions); a pair of charges in the photons, they distribute double helically along their side boundaries; these charges produce and carry a circular polarized E-wave and EH-wave respectively. They form two traveling-wave-particle hybrid structures. It is such hybrid structures give them traveling-wave-particle duality. Such dualities can exhibit their wave property and particle property simultaneously in the same experiments. At last, we prove that the electron cloud photo not only exhibits the probability distribution of electrons but also proves the existence of electrons’ trajectories around the nucleus; the electrons’ motions make the probability distribution. The electron probability distribution around the nucleus is causal. At last we prove that the electron in the main shells (the Eigen states) of a multi-electron atom does not radiate pure EM energy, not fall to the nucleus.
Abstract Steven Weinberg, one of the founders of the Standard Model of Physics, asked years ago [1]: is the wave function of quantum mechanics real, or is it just used by scientists to calculate? We try to find the answer. We study the general solution of the Schrödinger equation mathematically. We will prove that for satisfying the Schrödinger equation, the particle should possess a helical structure of mass density. Then we will prove further that (i) charged elementary particles and atomic nucleus fall into two categories: they have charge or, but different directions of charges helices, like right-handed electron and left-handed electron etc. (ii) Charge (or) distributes double helically on the particle side boundary. It generates and carries a double helix external electric field with the same velocity. (iii) This E-wave will be proved is just the de Broglie wave. (iv) Its function is particle’s state function in quantum mechanics. (v) Charged particle itself and the de Broglie E-wave it carries form a particle-wave hybrid structure. The E -wave exhibits all the possible states and probabilities; as for the particle itself it can take only one basis state randomly, such as at an eigen state in the atom and molecular or at a point on the interference pattern. (vi) The orbital motion of an electron in the lower energy layers of atom and molecule does not radiate EM energy to collapse into the nucleus. (vii) Self-interference of the hybrid structure can better explain the single particle double-slit interference
Based on the Maxwell theory and the principle of charges quantization, we prove that for any definite V , a symmetrical electromagnetic wave beam of minimum energy possesses the basic characters: ∈ = hv , p = h/λ , spin= and duality. They are the good reasons for us to treat the wave beam as a photon. A photon is consisted of ∈ -(energy) packet and ψ -(electromagnetic)wave. ∈ -packet is a circular polarized electromagnetic field wrapped by a cylindrical lateral membrane with ± charge e. They form an extremely stable structure like a “solid particle”. Under the protect of the membrane, no external electromagnetic field can break it or change its inner structure so as the photons can bring the information unchanged from the deep universe for over ten billion years. Photon ( ∈ -packet) of different frequencies V have different radius but same shape with same ratio L/R ≈ 0.04 like a circular coin. The ∈ -packet is floated on and carried by the ψ -(EM) wave to move together. ψ -wave decides and describes the probability behavior of the ∈ -packet (s). Such structure unifies the duality of photons. Analysis of the pair production shows that symmetry will make the particles produced possess spiral structure of mass. The mass density on particles’ cross section satisfy σ = σR (R/r)k.
What mechanism causes the interference in the single photon double slits experiment? Is it due to an external factor, or does the photon have a special structure that allows it to interfere with itself to create the interference pattern? Because, as Einstein proposed, the photon is a quantum of EM radiation, we begin our investigation with an EM wave beam (an EM radiation). The purpose of this paper is (1) study the possible structure of photon; (2) use the hybrid structure of the photon to explain single photon double-slit experiment. We discovered that the wave beam is definitely circular polarised and covered by a side membrane. Under the demand of symmetry and quantization, there is a pair of ±\pm± charges ±q\pm q±q and the circular tension T(R,∠,θ)T(R, \angle, \theta)T(R,∠,θ) distributes double helically along the side membrane. Quantization of charges requires q=±e(or(±q=±keq=\pm e \quad( or (\pm q=\pm k eq=±e(or(±q=±ke )k=2,3,......). Mechanical equilibrium among the helical distributed ±e(\pm e(±e( or ±q=±ke)\pm q=\pm k e)±q=±ke), tension TTT and the circular polarized EM field inside construct a steady structure to keep the quantized EM beam integrity, shape and size. Its energy hvh vhv concentrates in a cylindrical packet of radius RmaxR_{\text {max}}Rmax​ and length δ\deltaδ, named ∈−\in-∈− (energy) packet. With the aid of Einstein theory of spontaneous emission, we proved that the photon is consisted of the ∈=hv(\in=h v \quad(∈=hv( or ∈=nhv)\in=n h v)∈=nhv) energy packet and accompany with a conical ψ\psiψ - (EM) wave beam; ∈\in∈ -packet floats in front of the ψ\psiψ -wave. In the double slits experiment, it is the same hybrid structure that causes photon self interference.
In the single photon double slits experiment, what mechanism makes the interference? Whether it is owing to the external factor or the photon has a special structure it can interfere photon itself to make the interference pattern? Because the photon is a quantum of EM radiation as Einstein proposed, so we start the study from an EM wave beam (an EM radiation). Under the demand of the symmetry and quantization, we found the wave beam is certainly circular polarized and covered by a side membrane. There is a pair of ± charges ±q and the circular tension distributes double helically along the side membrane. Quantization of charges requires ( k=2.3,...). Mechanical equilibrium among the helical distributed or, tension and the circular polarized EM field inside construct a steady structure to keep the quantized EM beam integrity, shape and size. Its energy hv concentrates in a cylindrical packet of radius R max and length , named -(energy) packet. With the aid of Einstein theory of spontaneous emission, we proved that the photon is consisted of the energy packet and accompany with a conical - (EM) wave beam; -packet floats in front of the -wave. It is such hybrid structure that makes photon self interference in the double slits experiment.
In quantum mechanics, atomic and subatomic particles are treated as waves. The idea of wave function and wave function collapse brought us great success but left us different opinions. Is there a way it can avoid the different opinions and give us more? We try to postulate directly that these particles are size particles and satisfy the Schrodinger equation. Start from the general solution of free particle’s Schrodinger equation, we will prove: (i) To satisfy the Schrodinger equation, the size particle must possess a circular polarized structure of the plane vector（a complex number）like the electric vector E in the circular polarized light; its modular is mass density. (ii) These particles fall into two categories: they have the same sign of negative charge e or positive charge e, but different directions of mass density and charged helices, like left handed electron and right handed electron etc. (iii) The spin of the particle has its mechanism, it is formed by the motion of the helices structure of mass plus intrinsic self rotation. (iv) Negative charge e (or positive charge e) distributes double helically on the particle side boundary. It produces and carries a circular polarized electric field E with the same velocity of the particle. It forms a circular polarized E-wave. This wave will be proved is just the de Broglie wave and the E-wave function is just the particle’s state function in quantum mechanics. Such charged particle is consisted of the particle itself and the de Broglie wave; they form a particle-wave hybrid structure. The E- wave exhibits all possible states with possibility in the atom, molecule or interference pattern; as for the particle itself, it cannot split into two or move with two velocity at the same time. It can only locate at one basic state any moment, such as in an eigen state of the atom or at a point in the interference pattern. It is the self-interference of the hybrid structure of the particle makes the one after one single particle form double-slits interference.