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Split and Observing the Spin of Free Electrons in Action (Plasma Theory and Stern-Gerlach Experiment by Free Electron in Quantum Theory)

Hosein Majlesi

Published Jan 1, 2016• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In this article some observed objects in the experiment and the way of compatibility classical relationships between empirical observations from the view points of the plasma physics have been investigated, the plasma physics equations rooted in classical physics and quantum mechanics equations; given that the possibility of separation and direct observation the spin of free electron is one of the most discussable issues in the quantum philosophy during the last few decades, this paper has been studied some of technical and scientific issues of the experiment.

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Observing the spin of free electrons in action(Stern-Gerlach experiment by free electrons)

Hosein Majlesi

Stern-Gerlach experiment by free electron is very important experiment because it answered some questions that remain unanswered for almost a century. Bohr and Pauli considered its objective observation as impossible while some other scientists considered such observation as possible. The experiment on free electrons has not been conducted so far because the high magnetic field gradient predicted there was thought as impossible to generate. This paper proves that it is not only possible but also observable using a high vacuum lamp which is deionized well. To obtain a high magnetic field gradient, it is not necessary to have a very strong magnetic field and it is possible to observe the phenomenon using a very sharp pointed magnet and adjusting the voltage in a certain distance from free electron beams. that objective observation requires your consideration of some technical points simultaneously.In this experiment, no electric field and no magnetic field does not change with time.

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In the late 1920s Niels Bohr propagated the idea that the magnetic moment of a free electron could not be observed. This derived from the idea that the spin degree of freedom characterized the electron only when it is bound in an atom. This view initiated a lively discussion, which involved many of the most prominent theoreticians of the time. The independent existence of the electron spin became an issue of principle. In particular it was deemed that quantum effects would destroy the separated classical trajectories in a Stern-- Gerlach type of experiment. We review these discussions and some later developments. Quantum effects do prove to be essential, but they do not overwhelm the magnetic effects of spin. In addition to these arguments, it has been possible experimentally to determine the electron g -factor with high accuracy in electromagnetic traps. In fact no principle seems to prevent the observation of the magnetic moment of the free electron.

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The origins of quantum theory lie in a failure to explain certain phenomena using classical theory. But despite its adoption, quantum theory abounds with concepts described as “weird” or “spooky.” Even Feynman said that no one understands quantum theory. We revisit the Stern-Gerlach experiment that gave rise to the concept of spin and its quantization from a classical point of view. We present a simplified model of the classical electron which has two stable states which separate into two beams in the presence of an inhomogenous magnetic field.

European Journal of Applied Physics•Feb 6, 2021•0 citations
In this article some observed objects in the experiment and the way of compatibility classical relationships between empirical observations from the view points of the plasma physics have been investigated, the plasma physics equations rooted in classical physics and quantum mechanics equations; given that the possibility of separation and direct observation the spin of free electron is one of the most discussable issues in the quantum philosophy during the last few decades, this paper has been studied some of technical and scientific issues of the experiment.
Stern-Gerlach experiment by free electron is very important experiment because it answered some questions that remain unanswered for almost a century. Bohr and Pauli considered its objective observation as impossible while some other scientists considered such observation as possible. The experiment on free electrons has not been conducted so far because the high magnetic field gradient predicted there was thought as impossible to generate. This paper proves that it is not only possible but also observable using a high vacuum lamp which is deionized well. To obtain a high magnetic field gradient, it is not necessary to have a very strong magnetic field and it is possible to observe the phenomenon using a very sharp pointed magnet and adjusting the voltage in a certain distance from free electron beams. that objective observation requires your consideration of some technical points simultaneously.In this experiment, no electric field and no magnetic field does not change with time.
In the late 1920s Niels Bohr propagated the idea that the magnetic moment of a free electron could not be observed. This derived from the idea that the spin degree of freedom characterized the electron only when it is bound in an atom. This view initiated a lively discussion, which involved many of the most prominent theoreticians of the time. The independent existence of the electron spin became an issue of principle. In particular it was deemed that quantum effects would destroy the separated classical trajectories in a Stern-- Gerlach type of experiment. We review these discussions and some later developments. Quantum effects do prove to be essential, but they do not overwhelm the magnetic effects of spin. In addition to these arguments, it has been possible experimentally to determine the electron g -factor with high accuracy in electromagnetic traps. In fact no principle seems to prevent the observation of the magnetic moment of the free electron.
It is suggested that a thorough treatment of electron spin has advantages as a method of presenting many of the concepts and techniques of intermediate quantum mechanics. The starting point is the Stern-Gerlach experiment, from which the anticommutation relations for the spin operators may immediately be deduced. The commutation relations, which demonstrate that the spin is an angular momentum, are derived from these and it is shown that the anomalous gyromagnetic ratio is a natural consequence of the properties of the spin operators. The Pauli theory, which is the simplest example of the use of matrices in quantum mechanics, is briefly summarised, and employed in an analysis of the double Stern-Gerlach experiment. This example of a change of representation is used to introduce Dirac's transformation theory which, together with a variant of the double Stern-Gerlach experiment, is made use of in a discussion of the EPR paradox, Bell's inequality and hidden-variable theories. It is emphasised that the quantum mechanical description of these phenomena is consistent and that, from the viewpoint of quantum theory, no action-at-a-distance is required to explain them.
Long ago, Bohr, Pauli, and Mott argued that it is not, in principle, possible to measure the spin components of a free electron. One can try to use a Stern-Gerlach type of device, but the finite size of the beam results in an uncertainty of the splitting force that is comparable with the gradient force. The result is that no definite spin measurement can be made. Recently there has been a revival of interest in this problem, and we will present our own analysis and quantum-mechanical wave-packet calculations which suggest that a spin measurement is possible for a careful choice of initial conditions.
The origins of quantum theory lie in a failure to explain certain phenomena using classical theory. But despite its adoption, quantum theory abounds with concepts described as “weird” or “spooky.” Even Feynman said that no one understands quantum theory. We revisit the Stern-Gerlach experiment that gave rise to the concept of spin and its quantization from a classical point of view. We present a simplified model of the classical electron which has two stable states which separate into two beams in the presence of an inhomogenous magnetic field.