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Journal of the Korean Physical Society

Matrix product state approach to the finite-size scaling properties of the one-dimensional critical quantum Ising model

Sung-Been Park, Min-Chul Cha

Published Nov 1, 2015• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We investigate the finite-size scaling properties of the quantum phase transition in the one-dimensional quantum Ising model with periodic boundary conditions by representing the ground state in matrix product state forms. The infinite time-evolving block decimation technique is used to optimize the states. A trace over a product of the matrices multiplied as many times as the number of sites yields the finite-size effects. For sufficiently large Schmidt ranks, the finite-size scaling behavior determines the critical point and the critical exponents whose values are consistent with the analytical results.

DOI
10.3938/jkps.67.1619

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We investigate the finite-size scaling properties of the quantum phase transition in the one-dimensional quantum Ising model with periodic boundary conditions by representing the ground state in matrix product state forms. The infinite time-evolving block decimation technique is used to optimize the states. A trace over a product of the matrices multiplied as many times as the number of sites yields the finite-size effects. For sufficiently large Schmidt ranks, the finite-size scaling behavior determines the critical point and the critical exponents whose values are consistent with the analytical results.
The power of matrix product states to describe infinite-size translational-invariant critical spin chains is investigated. At criticality, the accuracy with which they describe ground-state properties of a system is limited by the size $\ensuremath{\chi}$ of the matrices that form the approximation. This limitation is quantified in terms of the scaling of the half-chain entanglement entropy. In the case of the quantum Ising model, we find $S\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{1}{6}\text{log}\text{ }\ensuremath{\chi}$ with high precision. This result can be understood as the emergence of an effective finite correlation length ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}$ ruling all the scaling properties in the system. We produce six extra pieces of evidence for this finite-$\ensuremath{\chi}$ scaling, namely, the scaling of the correlation length, the scaling of magnetization, the shift of the critical point, the scaling of the entanglement entropy for a finite block of spins, the existence of scaling functions, and the agreement with analogous classical results. All our computations are consistent with a scaling relation of the form ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\ensuremath{\kappa}}$, with $\ensuremath{\kappa}=2$ for the Ising model. In the case of the Heisenberg model, we find similar results with the value $\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{\sim}1.37$. We also show how finite-$\ensuremath{\chi}$ scaling allows us to extract critical exponents. These results are obtained using the infinite time evolved block decimation algorithm which works in the thermodynamical limit and are verified to agree with density-matrix renormalization-group results and their classical analog obtained with the corner transfer-matrix renormalization group.
The matrix product state (MPS) is utilized to investigate the ground state properties and quantum phase transitions (QPTs) of the dimerized antiferromagnetic Heisenberg (DAH) model. The ground state MPS wavefunctions determined by the infinite time-evolving block decimation (iTEBD) algorithm are shown to be very efficient descriptions of DAH model. In the thermodynamic limit, the quantum entanglement, the bond energy, and the nearest-neighbor correlations are calculated. It is revealed that the singular behavior of the bipartite entanglement can detect the QPTs directly. The critical point J c 2 = 1.0 is determined evidently, and the quantum phase transition is argued to belong to the second-order category. At the critical point, logarithmic divergent character of the block entanglement is observed, and the system can be described by a free bosonic field theory.
We study the effects of limited entanglement in the one-dimensional Hubbard model by representing the ground states in the form of matrix product states. Finite-entanglement scaling behavior over a wide range is observed at half-filling. The critical exponents characterizing the length scale in terms of the size of the matrices used are obtained, confirming the theoretical prediction that the values of the exponents are solely determined by the central charge. The entanglement spectrum shows that a global double degeneracy occurs in the ground states with a charge gap. We also find that the Mott transition, tuned by changing the chemical potential, always occurs through a first-order transition, and the metallic phase has a few conducting states, including the states with a mean-field nature close to the critical point, as expected in variational matrix product states with a finite amount of entanglement.
We investigate the use of matrix product states (MPS) to approximate ground states of critical quantum spin chains with periodic boundary conditions (PBC). We identify two regimes in the (N,D)(N,D)(N,D) parameter plane, where NNN is the size of the spin chain and DDD is the dimension of the MPS matrices. In the first regime, MPS can be used to perform finite size scaling (FSS). In the complementary regime, the MPS simulations show instead the clear signature of finite entanglement scaling (FES). In the thermodynamic limit (or large NNN limit), only MPS in the FSS regime maintain a finite overlap with the exact ground state. This observation has implications on how to correctly perform FSS with MPS as well as on the performance of recent MPS algorithms for systems with PBC. It also gives clear evidence that critical models can actually be simulated very well with MPS by using the right scaling relations; in the appendixes, we give an alternative derivation of the result of Pollmann et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 255701 (2009)] relating the bond dimension of the MPS to an effective correlation length.
The order parameter cumulants of infinite matrix product ground states are evaluated across a quantum phase transition. A scheme using the Binder cumulant, finite-entanglement scaling, and scaling functions to obtain the critical point and exponents of the correlation length and cumulants is presented. Analogous to the scaling relations that relate the exponents of various thermodynamic quantities, a cumulant exponent relation is derived and used to check the consistency and relationship between the cumulant exponents. This scheme gives a numerically economical way of accurately obtaining the critical exponents. Examples of this scheme are shown for four one-dimensional models---the transverse field Ising model, the topological Kondo insulator, the S=1S=1S=1 Heisenberg chain with single-ion anisotropy and the Bose-Hubbard model. A two-dimensional model is also exemplified in the square lattice transverse field Ising model on an infinite cylinder. These exemplary systems portray a variety of local and string order parameters as well as phase transition classes that can be studied with the scaling functions and infinite matrix product states.
We consider a one-parameter family of matrix-product states of spin-1 particles on a periodic chain and study in detail the entanglement properties of such a state. In particular, we calculate exactly the entanglement of one site with the rest of the chain, and the entanglement of two distant sites with each other, and show that the derivative of both these properties diverge when the parameter ggg of the states passes through a critical point. Such a point can be called a point of quantum phase transition, since at this point the character of the matrix-product state, which is the ground state of a Hamiltonian, changes discontinuously. We also study the finite size effects and show how the entanglement depends on the size of the chain. This later part is relevant to the field of quantum computation where the problem of initial state preparation in finite arrays of qubits or qutrits is important. It is also shown that the entanglement of two sites have scaling behavior near the critical point.