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arXiv:0712.1976 · Physical Review B

Scaling of entanglement support for matrix product states

Luca Tagliacozzo, Thiago Rodrigues de Oliveira, S. Iblisdir, José Ignacio Latorre

Published Jul 14, 2008• 314 citations
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Abstract

The power of matrix product states to describe infinite-size translational-invariant critical spin chains is investigated. At criticality, the accuracy with which they describe ground-state properties of a system is limited by the size $\ensuremath{\chi}$ of the matrices that form the approximation. This limitation is quantified in terms of the scaling of the half-chain entanglement entropy. In the case of the quantum Ising model, we find $S\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{1}{6}\text{log}\text{ }\ensuremath{\chi}$ with high precision. This result can be understood as the emergence of an effective finite correlation length ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}$ ruling all the scaling properties in the system. We produce six extra pieces of evidence for this finite-$\ensuremath{\chi}$ scaling, namely, the scaling of the correlation length, the scaling of magnetization, the shift of the critical point, the scaling of the entanglement entropy for a finite block of spins, the existence of scaling functions, and the agreement with analogous classical results. All our computations are consistent with a scaling relation of the form ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\ensuremath{\kappa}}$, with $\ensuremath{\kappa}=2$ for the Ising model. In the case of the Heisenberg model, we find similar results with the value $\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{\sim}1.37$. We also show how finite-$\ensuremath{\chi}$ scaling allows us to extract critical exponents. These results are obtained using the infinite time evolved block decimation algorithm which works in the thermodynamical limit and are verified to agree with density-matrix renormalization-group results and their classical analog obtained with the corner transfer-matrix renormalization group.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.78.024410

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The power of matrix product states to describe infinite-size translational-invariant critical spin chains is investigated. At criticality, the accuracy with which they describe ground-state properties of a system is limited by the size \ensuremathχ\ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremathχ of the matrices that form the approximation. This limitation is quantified in terms of the scaling of the half-chain entanglement entropy. In the case of the quantum Ising model, we find S\ensuremath∼16log \ensuremathχS\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{1}{6}\text{log}\text{ }\ensuremath{\chi}S\ensuremath∼61​log \ensuremathχ with high precision. This result can be understood as the emergence of an effective finite correlation length \ensuremathξ\ensuremathχ{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}\ensuremathξ\ensuremathχ​ ruling all the scaling properties in the system. We produce six extra pieces of evidence for this finite-\ensuremathχ\ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremathχ scaling, namely, the scaling of the correlation length, the scaling of magnetization, the shift of the critical point, the scaling of the entanglement entropy for a finite block of spins, the existence of scaling functions, and the agreement with analogous classical results. All our computations are consistent with a scaling relation of the form \ensuremathξ\ensuremathχ\ensuremath∼\ensuremathχ\ensuremathκ{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\ensuremath{\kappa}}\ensuremathξ\ensuremathχ​\ensuremath∼\ensuremathχ\ensuremathκ, with \ensuremathκ=2\ensuremath{\kappa}=2\ensuremathκ=2 for the Ising model. In the case of the Heisenberg model, we find similar results with the value \ensuremathκ\ensuremath∼1.37\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{\sim}1.37\ensuremathκ\ensuremath∼1.37. We also show how finite-\ensuremathχ\ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremathχ scaling allows us to extract critical exponents. These results are obtained using the infinite time evolved block decimation algorithm which works in the thermodynamical limit and are verified to agree with density-matrix renormalization-group results and their classical analog obtained with the corner transfer-matrix renormalization group.
In this paper, we apply the formalism of translation invariant (continuous) matrix product states in the thermodynamic limit to (1+1)(1+1)(1+1)-dimensional critical models. Finite bond dimension bounds the entanglement entropy and introduces an effective finite correlation length, so that the state is perturbed away from criticality. The assumption that the scaling hypothesis holds for this kind of perturbation is known in the literature as finite entanglement scaling. We provide further evidence for the validity of finite entanglement scaling and based on this formulate a scaling algorithm to estimate the central charge and critical exponents of the conformally invariant field theories describing the critical models under investigation. The algorithm is applied to three exemplary models; the cMPS version to the nonrelativistic Lieb-Liniger model and the relativistic massless boson, and MPS version to the one-dimensional quantum Ising model at the critical point. Another new aspect to our approach is that we directly use the (c)MPS induced correlation length rather than the bond dimension as scaling parameter. This choice is motivated by several theoretical arguments as well as by the remarkable accuracy of our results.
We investigate the use of matrix product states (MPS) to approximate ground states of critical quantum spin chains with periodic boundary conditions (PBC). We identify two regimes in the (N,D)(N,D)(N,D) parameter plane, where NNN is the size of the spin chain and DDD is the dimension of the MPS matrices. In the first regime, MPS can be used to perform finite size scaling (FSS). In the complementary regime, the MPS simulations show instead the clear signature of finite entanglement scaling (FES). In the thermodynamic limit (or large NNN limit), only MPS in the FSS regime maintain a finite overlap with the exact ground state. This observation has implications on how to correctly perform FSS with MPS as well as on the performance of recent MPS algorithms for systems with PBC. It also gives clear evidence that critical models can actually be simulated very well with MPS by using the right scaling relations; in the appendixes, we give an alternative derivation of the result of Pollmann et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 255701 (2009)] relating the bond dimension of the MPS to an effective correlation length.
We numerically investigate classical and quantum correlations in one-dimensional quantum critical systems. The infinite matrix product state (iMPS) representation is employed in order to consider an infinite-size spin chain. By using the infinite time-evolving block decimation algorithm, iMPS ground state wave functions are obtained at critical points for the transverse-field spin-1/21/21/2 XY model. From the ground state wave functions, we calculate classical and quantum correlations and mutual information. All of the correlations are found to exhibit a power-law decay with the increments of the lattice distance for both the transition lines of the Ising universality class and the Gaussian universality class. Such power-law scaling behaviors of the correlations manifest the existence of diversing correlation lengths, which means scale invariance. The critical features of the correlations can be characterized by introducing a critical exponent of the power-law decaying correlations. Similar to the critical exponent ηηη of the spin-spin correlation for the universality classes in the transverse-field XY model, we calculate the critical exponents of the two-spin classical and quantum correlations as well as that of the corresponding mutual information. All of the correlations have the same critical exponents, i.e., ηI=ηC=ηDη^{I}=η^{C}=η^{D}ηI=ηC=ηD at a critical point, where the superscripts III, CCC, and DDD stand for mutual information, classical correlation, and quantum correlation, respectively. Furthermore, the critical exponent ηηη of the spin-spin correlation is shown to relate to η=ηα/2η= η^α/2η=ηα/2 with α∈{I,C,D}α\in \{ I, C, D\}α∈{I,C,D}.
We investigate the finite-size scaling properties of the quantum phase transition in the one-dimensional quantum Ising model with periodic boundary conditions by representing the ground state in matrix product state forms. The infinite time-evolving block decimation technique is used to optimize the states. A trace over a product of the matrices multiplied as many times as the number of sites yields the finite-size effects. For sufficiently large Schmidt ranks, the finite-size scaling behavior determines the critical point and the critical exponents whose values are consistent with the analytical results.
We study the scaling properties of entanglement entropy (EE) near the quantum critical points in interacting random antiferromagnetic (AFM) spin chains. Using density-matrix renormalization group, we compute the half-chain EE near the topological phase transition between the Haldane and random singlet phases in a disordered spin-1 chain. It is found to diverge logarithmically in system size with an effective central charge ceff=1.17(4){c}_{\mathrm{eff}}=1.17(4)ceff​=1.17(4) at the quantum critical point (QCP). Moreover, a scaling analysis of EE yields the correlation length exponent $\ensuremath{\nu}=2.28(5)$. Our unbiased calculation establishes that the QCP is in the universality class of the infinite-randomness fixed point predicted by previous studies based on the strong disorder renormalization group technique. However, in the disordered spin-1/2 Majumdar-Ghosh chain, where a valence bond solid phase is unstable to disorder, the crossover length exponent obtained from a scaling analysis of EE disagrees with the expectation based on the Imry-Ma argument. We provide a possible explanation.
The order parameter cumulants of infinite matrix product ground states are evaluated across a quantum phase transition. A scheme using the Binder cumulant, finite-entanglement scaling, and scaling functions to obtain the critical point and exponents of the correlation length and cumulants is presented. Analogous to the scaling relations that relate the exponents of various thermodynamic quantities, a cumulant exponent relation is derived and used to check the consistency and relationship between the cumulant exponents. This scheme gives a numerically economical way of accurately obtaining the critical exponents. Examples of this scheme are shown for four one-dimensional models---the transverse field Ising model, the topological Kondo insulator, the S=1S=1S=1 Heisenberg chain with single-ion anisotropy and the Bose-Hubbard model. A two-dimensional model is also exemplified in the square lattice transverse field Ising model on an infinite cylinder. These exemplary systems portray a variety of local and string order parameters as well as phase transition classes that can be studied with the scaling functions and infinite matrix product states.