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Chinese Physics B

Kraus operator solutions to a fermionic master equation describing a thermal bath and their matrix representation

Xiang‐Gao Meng, Ji‐Suo Wang, Hong-Yi Fan, Cheng-Wei Xia

Published Apr 1, 2016• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We solve the fermionic master equation for a thermal bath to obtain its explicit Kraus operator solutions via the fermionic state approach. The normalization condition of the Kraus operators is proved. The matrix representation for these solutions is obtained, which is incongruous with the result in the book completed by Nielsen and Chuang [ Quantum Computation and Quantum Information , Cambridge University Press, 2000]. As especial cases, we also present the Kraus operator solutions to master equations for describing the amplitude-decay model and the diffusion process at finite temperature.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/25/4/040302

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We solve the fermionic master equation for a thermal bath to obtain its explicit Kraus operator solutions via the fermionic state approach. The normalization condition of the Kraus operators is proved. The matrix representation for these solutions is obtained, which is incongruous with the result in the book completed by Nielsen and Chuang [ Quantum Computation and Quantum Information , Cambridge University Press, 2000]. As especial cases, we also present the Kraus operator solutions to master equations for describing the amplitude-decay model and the diffusion process at finite temperature.
We set up the fermionic thermal entangled state approach to address Fermi operator master equations for the amplitude- and phase-decay processes and find the explicit Kraus operator-sum representations (KOSR) describing time-evolution of Fermi systems. As an application of KOSR, the evolution law of the two-level atomic system interacting with a photon field in these two decay processes is analytically derived, which shows that the interaction system has a quantum jump as a result of dissipation, but it always remains unchanged in the phase-decay process.
We consider a model consisting of a finite number of quantum dots each of which confines a spinless electron. We zoom in on a single quantum dot containing an electron of interest treating it as being strongly coupled to the surrounding finite bath of electrons. The fermionic bath is embedded in a bosonic Markovian bath. The master equation for the fermion of interest interacting with the fermionic bath is derived. Based on the master equation for this system, the reduced dynamics and thermalization of the spinless electron is studied. We start with a description of the Hamiltonian of the entire system which we call total Hamiltonian. Because the electron of interest is strongly coupled to the surrounding fermionic bath, we treat the Hamiltonian consisting of the electron of interest, the fermionic bath and the interaction between them as the system Hamiltonian. Then using techniques of linear algebra, we diagolize the system Hamiltonian making it appear in what we are calling quasi-fermionic picture. After this, we take the diagonalized system Hamiltonian back to the total Hamiltonian. We then use this total Hamiltonian to switch to the interaction picture. Since the general expression of the Markovian quantum master equation is in terms of the interaction Hamiltonian, we now substitute our interaction Hamiltonian into it and begin from there to derive the quantum master equation of our system. In the next step, we solve the derived quantum master equation casting the solution in Kraus representation. Using the explicit form of the Kraus operators and initial conditions, the density matrix of the reduced system is obtained in the quasifermionic picture. We then transform to the original fermionic picture and trace out the fermionic bath coming out with the density matrix of the electron of interest. We then check the normalization of the density matrix of the electron of interest by calculating the trace and then use it to calculate the mean number of fermions. The mean number of fermions is then plotted against time for different coupling strengths and varying numbers of fermions in the fermionic bath to visually check the dynamics and thermalization of the fermion of interest.
We solve various master equations to obtain density operators' infinite operator-sum representation via a new approach, i.e., by virtue of the thermo-entangled state representation that has a fictitious mode as a counterpart mode of the system mode. The corresponding Kraus operators from the point of view of quantum channel are derived, whose normalization conditions are proved. Miscellaneous characters possessed by different quantum channels, such as decoherence, phase diffusion, damping, and amplification, can be shown explicitly in the entangled state representation of the density operators. Squeezing transformation is applied to the density operator for decoherence to generate a master equation for describing the phase sensitive process. Partial trace method for deriving new density operators is also introduced. Throughout our discussion, the technique of integration within an ordered product (IWOP) of operators is fully used.
For any master equation which is local in time, whether Markovian, non-Markovian, of Lindblad form or not, a general procedure is given for constructing the corresponding linear map from the initial state to the state at time t, including its Kraus-type representations. Formally, this is equivalent to solving the master equation. For an N-dimensional Hilbert space it requires (i) solving a first order N 2×N 2 matrix time evolution (to obtain the completely positive map), and (ii) diagonalizing a related N 2×N 2 matrix (to obtain a Kraus-type representation). Conversely, for a given time-dependent linear map, a necessary and sufficient condition is given for the existence of a corresponding master equation, where the (not necessarily unique) form of this equation is explicitly determined. It is shown that a “best possible” master equation may always be defined, for approximating the evolution in the case that no exact master equation exists. Examples involving qubits are given.