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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Probing an NV Center's Nuclear Spin Environment with Coherent Population Trapping

David Levonian, Michael Goldman, Swati Singh, Matthew Markham, Daniel J. Twitchen, Mikhail D. Lukin

Published May 26, 2016• 0 citations
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The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has emerged as a versatile atom-like system, finding diverse applications at both ambient and cryogenic temperatures. At room temperature, the NV center's spin-triplet electronic ground state has a long coherence time and can be read out and initialized using nonresonant optical excitation, which has enabled a wide range of metrology and quantum information applications. At cryogenic temperatures, the NV center exhibits a variety of narrow, atom-like optical transitions, which has made the NV center a promising platform for quantum optics applications. We use coherent optical manipulation of the NV center at cryogenic temperatures to probe its internal dynamics and aspects of its interactions with its environment.\nFirst, we investigate the intersystem crossing (ISC) process, which is a spin-dependent nonradiative decay mechanism that enables the electronic spin state to be optically initialized and read out at room temperature. We measure the ISC rates from different excited states as well as the rate at which interactions with phonons redistribute population between these states. Based on these measurements, we develop a theoretical model that unifies the phonon-induced mixing and ISC mechanisms. We find that our model is in excellent agreement with experiment and that it can be used to predict unknown elements of the NV center's electronic structure.\nSecond, we investigate a novel method of using coherent optical manipulation of the NV center's electronic spin to control a nearby nuclear spin. Coherent interactions between the NV center and nearby nuclear spins have enabled the development of NV center-based, multi-qubit quantum registers, but these techniques have generally required the application of microwave or radio-frequency radiation. We demonstrate control of the nuclear spin using an all-optical Raman technique and theoretically evaluate the extent to which the intrinsic physics of the NV center limits the coherence of this Raman-based manipulation technique.
We study coherent population trapping and AC Stark effect using microwave transitions between the sublevels of the ground state of the NV-center. Sublevels with different projections of the nuclear spin of the nitrogen atom are used to implement the -scheme. Dependence of the characteristics of the coherent population trapping dip on the control field frequency and intensity is studied. Various schemes for observing the AC Stark effect are considered. Keywords: NV-center, coherent population trapping, AC Stark.
We propose and theoretically analyze the use of coherent population trapping of a single diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center for continuous real-time sensing. The formation of the dark state in coherent population trapping prevents optical emissions from the NV center. Fluctuating magnetic fields, however, can kick the NV center out of the dark state, leading to a sequence of single-photon emissions. A time series of the photon counts detected can be used for magnetic field estimations, even when the average photon count per update time interval is much smaller than 1. For a theoretical demonstration, the nuclear spin bath in a diamond lattice is used as a model fluctuating magnetic environment. For fluctuations with known statistical properties, such as an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, Bayesian inference-based estimators can lead to an estimation variance that approaches the classical Cramer-Rao lower bound and can update dynamical information in real time with the detection of just a single photon. Real-time sensing using coherent population trapping adds a powerful tool to the emerging technology of quantum sensing.