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Frontiers in Optics

A Microfabricated High Performance Magnetometer

B. J. Lindseth, Peter D. D. Schwindt, Svenja A. Knappe, Vishal Shah, Li‐Anne Liew, John Moreland, John E. Kitching

Published Jan 1, 2006• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We report the operation of a microfabricated atomic magnetometer using the Mx configuration. A device size of a few millimeters achieves a magnetic field noise limited sensitivity of 5.9 pT/Hz1/2 over a 1-100 Hz bandwidth.
DOI
10.1364/ls.2006.lthb5

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The fabrication and performance of a miniature optically pumped atomic magnetometer constructed with microfabricated components are discussed. This device measures the spin precession frequency of Rb87 atoms to determine the magnetic field by use of the Mx technique. It has a demonstrated sensitivity to magnetic fields of 5pT∕Hz1∕2 for a bandwidth from 1to100Hz, nearly an order of magnitude improvement over our previous chip-scale magnetometer. The 3dB bandwidth has also been increased to 1kHz by reconfiguring the miniature vapor cell heater.
Here we demonstrate an atomic magnetometer that has a bandwidth of more than 100 kHz and a sensitivity of $180\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fT/}\ensuremath{\surd}\mathrm{Hz}$ at a Fourier frequency of 8 Hz, and $0.7\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nT/}\ensuremath{\surd}\mathrm{Hz}$ at 100 kHz. These sensitivity measurements are achieved at geophysically useful magnetic field magnitudes (approximately $50\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{T}$ inside a three-layer $\ensuremath{\mu}$-metal shield) and are limited by the photon shot noise for frequencies above 8 Hz. This device is based on a nonlinear magneto-optical rotation sensor that is operated with an active feedback to the pump modulation frequency. We present a theoretical description of the response functions of the components in the magnetometer. We show that the range of operation of atomic magnetometers can thus be expanded beyond the conventional high-sensitivity, low-bandwidth domain, to provide a high-linearity, high-bandwidth, and high-sensitivity sensor.
We demonstrated a scalar atomic magnetometer using a microfabricated Cs vapor cell. The atomic spin precession is driven by an amplitude-modulated circularly-polarized pump laser resonant on the D1 transition of Cs atoms and detected by an off-resonant linearly-polarized probe laser using a balanced polarimeter setup. Under a magnetic field with amplitude in the Earth's magnetic field range, the magnetometer in the gradiometer mode can reach sensitivities below 150fT/√Hz, which shows that the magnetometer by itself can achieve sub-100fT/√Hz sensitivities. In addition to its high sensitivity, the magnetometer has a bandwidth close to 1 kHz due to the broad magnetic resonance inside the small vapor cell. Our experiment suggests the feasibility of a portable low-power and high-performance magnetometer which can be operated in the Earth's magnetic field. Such a device will greatly reduce the restrictions on the operating environment and expand the range of applications for atomic magnetometers, such as detection of nuclear magnetic resonance in low magnetic fields
We demonstrated a scalar atomic magnetometer using a microfabricated Cs vapor cell. The atomic spin precession is driven by an amplitude-modulated circularly-polarized pump laser resonant on the D1 transition of Cs atoms and detected by an off-resonant linearly-polarized probe laser using a balanced polarimeter setup. Under a magnetic field with amplitude in the Earth's magnetic field range, the magnetometer in the gradiometer mode can reach sensitivities below 150fT/Hz, which shows that the magnetometer by itself can achieve sub-100fT/Hz sensitivities. In addition to its high sensitivity, the magnetometer has a bandwidth close to 1 kHz due to the broad magnetic resonance inside the small vapor cell. Our experiment suggests the feasibility of a portable low-power and high-performance magnetometer which can be operated in the Earth's magnetic field. Such a device will greatly reduce the restrictions on the operating environment and expand the range of applications for atomic magnetometers, such as detection of nuclear magnetic resonance in low magnetic fields.