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Journal of Physics Conference Series

Generation of Sources of Light with Well Defined Orbital Angular Momentum

Sara Cruz y Cruz, N Escamilla, V Velάzquez

Published Mar 1, 2016• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this work, a technique to produce spatial electromagnetic modes with definite orbital angular momentum is presented. The method is based in the construction of binary diffractive gratings generated by computer. In the classical regime the gratings produce the well known Laguerre-Gaussian modes distributions when illuminated by a plane wave. In the quantum regime the grating is placed in the signal path of a spontaneous parametric down conversion layout and the diffraction pattern, observed in the coincidence count rate, shows that the single photons are projected onto spatial states consistent with a Laguerre-Gaussian modes distribution.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/698/1/012016

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In this work, a technique to produce spatial electromagnetic modes with definite orbital angular momentum is presented. The method is based in the construction of binary diffractive gratings generated by computer. In the classical regime the gratings produce the well known Laguerre-Gaussian modes distributions when illuminated by a plane wave. In the quantum regime the grating is placed in the signal path of a spontaneous parametric down conversion layout and the diffraction pattern, observed in the coincidence count rate, shows that the single photons are projected onto spatial states consistent with a Laguerre-Gaussian modes distribution.
Abstract Photonic states encoded in spatial modes of paraxial light fields provide a promising platform for high-dimensional quantum information protocols and related studies, where several pioneering theoretical and experimental demonstrations have paved the path for future technologies. Crucially, critical issues encountered in free-space propagation still represent a major challenge. This is the case of asynchronous diffraction between spatial modes with different modal orders, which experience variations in their transverse structure upon free-space propagation. Here we address this issue by proposing an encoding method based on the use of Laguerre–Gaussian modes of the same modal order N to define a N + 1 dimensional space. Noteworthy, such modes endowed with orbital angular momentum (OAM) experience the same propagation aberrations featuring an identical Gouy phase and wavefront curvature. We demonstrate our proposal experimentally by using time-correlated-single-photon imaging combined with a digital propagation technique. Importantly, our technique allows to eliminate, without the use of imaging systems, all issues related to asynchronous diffraction, providing an accessible way to generate propagation-invariant OAM qudits for quantum optical protocols.
Photon pairs generated from spontaneous parametric down-conversion are a well-established method to realize entangled bipartite photonic systems. Laguerre-Gaussian modes, which carry orbital angular momentum (OAM), are commonly exploited to engineer high-dimensional entangled quantum states. For Hilbert spaces with dimension d>2d>2d>2, maximally entangled states (MESs) help to improve the capacity and security of quantum communication protocols, among several other promising features. However, the direct generation of MESs in well-defined high-dimensional subspaces of the infinite OAM basis has remained a challenge. Here, we formalize how the spatial distribution of the pump beam and the nonlinear profile of the crystal can be simultaneously utilized to generate MESs without additional spatial filtering of OAM modes within a subspace. We illustrate our approach with maximally entangled qutrits (d=3)(d=3)(d=3) and ququints (d=5)(d=5)(d=5).
Structured photons often serve as physical realizations of high-dimensional quantum states beneficial to quantum information. One popular way of discretizing the space is through Laguerre-Gaussian modes that can have twisted phase front and, thus, orbital angular momentum (OAM). We demonstrate that using multi-plane light-conversion techniques enables the performance of complex unitary transformations between multiple input-modes and output-modes in the quantum regime. We demonstrate various complex two-photon interferences observed in spatial modes, thereby realizing a linear optical network along a single beam path. Finally, we show that using this ability allows the generation of spatial-mode NOON-states, which offer angular super-sensitivity.
We report a technique for encoding both amplitude and phase variations onto a laser beam using a single digital micro-mirror device (DMD). Using this technique, we generate Laguerre-Gaussian and vortex orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) modes, along with modes in a set that is mutually unbiased with respect to the OAM basis. Additionally, we have demonstrated rapid switching among the generated modes at a speed of 4 kHz, which is much faster than the speed regularly achieved by phase-only spatial light modulators (SLMs). The dynamic control of both phase and amplitude of a laser beam is an enabling technology for classical communication and quantum key distribution (QKD) systems that employ spatial mode encoding.