On the wave-particle duality of photons using the concept of a particle possessing an energy field

A. K. Pal, D Pal

James E Beecham

Light has historically resisted a single physical interpretation, exhibiting wave-likeinterference, particle-like energy exchange, and invariant high-speed propagation throughspace. These behaviors led to the concept of wave–particle duality, an interpretivecompromise rather than a unified physical explanation. In the SP3 framework, space itselfis not empty or passive but possesses phase, memory, and the capacity for conditioning.This paper reframes light as a localized, self-maintaining reconfiguration of space-phaserather than a particle moving through emptiness or a field oscillating in a void. Interference,quantization, constant propagation speed, and gravitational bending arise naturally fromthe properties of space-phase itself. Wave–particle duality is therefore not resolved bychoosing one description over another but is eliminated by replacing an incompleteconception of space with a physically active medium.

Alain Aspect, Philippe Grangier

Sen Chen

Based on the Maxwell theory and the principle of charges quantization, we prove that for any definite V , a symmetrical electromagnetic wave beam of minimum energy possesses the basic characters: ∈ = hv , p = h/λ , spin= and duality. They are the good reasons for us to treat the wave beam as a photon. A photon is consisted of ∈ -(energy) packet and ψ -(electromagnetic)wave. ∈ -packet is a circular polarized electromagnetic field wrapped by a cylindrical lateral membrane with ± charge e. They form an extremely stable structure like a “solid particle”. Under the protect of the membrane, no external electromagnetic field can break it or change its inner structure so as the photons can bring the information unchanged from the deep universe for over ten billion years. Photon ( ∈ -packet) of different frequencies V have different radius but same shape with same ratio L/R ≈ 0.04 like a circular coin. The ∈ -packet is floated on and carried by the ψ -(EM) wave to move together. ψ -wave decides and describes the probability behavior of the ∈ -packet (s). Such structure unifies the duality of photons. Analysis of the pair production shows that symmetry will make the particles produced possess spiral structure of mass. The mass density on particles’ cross section satisfy σ = σR (R/r)k.

Kōichi Shimoda

Yan‐Han Yang, Xin‐Zhu Liu, Junli Jiang +5 more

Abstract Wave‐particle duality, intertwining two inherently contradictory properties of quantum systems, remains one of the most conceptually profound aspects of quantum mechanics. By using the concept of energy capacity, the ability of a quantum system to store and extract energy, a device‐independent uncertainty relation is derived for wave‐particle duality. This relation is shown to be independent of both the representation space and the measurement basis of the quantum system. Furthermore, it is experimentally validated that this wave‐particle duality relation using a photon‐based platform.