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Frontiers in Optics

Scalable Generation of Multi-Photon Path Entanglement

I. Afek, O. Ambar, Y. Siberberg

Published Jan 1, 2009• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We experimentally realize a scheme for generation of maximally path entangled multi-photon states. Sub-wavelength Mach-Zehnder interference is measured for two, three and four photons. The results are simply scalable to higher numbers.
DOI
10.1364/fio.2009.pdpa9

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A nonlinear ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(2)}$ Mach-Zehnder interferometer is proposed as a simple device for conditional preparation of a two-photon maximally entangled state. Successful generation is unambiguously heralded by detection of a single photon in one of the routes of the nonlinear ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(2)}$ Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The mechanism of the conditional preparation is based on interference of the pumping modes. The scheme works without photon-number-resolving detection with a high fidelity.
A pair of light quanta with different colors (155.9-nm difference in center wavelength) generated from parametric down-conversion was injected collinearly into one input port of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Coincidence interference behavior was studied over a wide range of optical path differences of the interferometer. A measurement of 75% interference visibility with oscillation of the pump frequency for a large optical path difference of the interferometer (43 cm) is the signature of a quantum two-photon entangled state, which reflects both particle and wave nature of the light quanta in one experiment.
"Schrodinger's cat" is a gedankenexperiment intended to highlight conceptual difficulties in the interpretation of quantum mechanics. The generation of 'cat-like' states is central to numerous quantum information protocols. In particular, much attention has been drawn by states containing N photons in a superposition of all being in one of two designated modes. These maximally path entangled states, known as 'NOON' states, exhibit enhanced phase sensitivity and allow reaching the fundamental quantum limit of precision measurement. Such states could also be used for obtaining 'super-resolution' in quantum lithography. Creation of NOON states in the lab, has been limited to N=3. Surpassing this has proven a formidable experimental challenge. Here, we realize a scheme for generation of high fidelity NOON states with arbitrarily large N. We demonstrate the versatility of the scheme by measuring up to N=5 in a single setup, this is in contrast to previous experiments which were custom-designed for a specific N. The scheme is based on high order interference between 'quantum' down-converted light and 'classical' coherent light in the photon number basis. Our results verify the high degree of path entanglement which emerges naturally from the interference of two ubiquitous, easy to generate, states of light.